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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain why it is helpful to know the principle
developmental landmarks of early childhood in order to facilitate effective parenting behavior. |
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Explain how the parent – preschooler
relationship changes in comparison to the relationship infancy. |
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Explain why positive methods of guidance for young children.
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Describe the common behavioral problems
observed in young children. |
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Describe the kind of community support part by families preschoolers.
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Early childhood
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Period between ages 3 – 6 when children are also known preschoolers |
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What do the interactions within the family
system reflect? |
Increasing involvement of children as
participating family members |
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What basic skills acquired during infancy are now being expanded in early childhood?
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Locomotion
Communication Interaction |
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What do young children learn through?
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Modeling
Observation |
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What do children increasingly comprehend in early childhood?
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Their parents' expectations and instructions
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What is a developmental landmarks of early childhood concerning socialization?
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They become more oriented toward others rather than being largely self oriented
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Specifically, which skills expand during early childhood? In what 5 areas in this seen?
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Language skills
Social Emotional Cognitive Physical Contributes to increasing autonomy |
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What are the major developmental tasks and landmarks in early childhood related to cognitive abilities?
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We occupational, pre-logical, and intuitive thought
Building a database of information about the world Preoperational with classification and the grouping of things Expanding vocabulary Improving memory Flaws in thinking Expanding |
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Give examples of flawed thinking.
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Egocentrism
Animism Arriving at unwarranted conclusions Self-centered thinking |
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What are the major developmental tasks and landmarks in early childhood that are related to physical abilities?
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The rate of growth in weight and height
Small appetite Uses a preferred hand All primary teeth erupt Major gross motor skills are mastered Fine motor skills emerge High energy level |
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What may be a reason for a child having a small appetite?
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They may be a picky eater
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Give examples of the major gross motor skills are mastered in early childhood.
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Running
Climbing |
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Give an example of how fine motor skills emerge in early childhood.
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Creation of art
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Where the major developmental tasks and
landmarks in early childhood related to psychosocial abilities? |
Expanding awareness of self, others, and things
Gaining independence and some self-control High curiosity level Beginning socialization experiences Learns by doing and from mistakes Plays more social and creative |
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Give examples of beginning socialization
experiences of early childhood. |
Appropriate social behaviors
Appropriate gender role behaviors |
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What should parents consider in meeting the needs of preschoolers?
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Behavior of preschoolers is enhanced by parents who were responsive to changes in their
children's needs Children become verbally more skilled, so parents react by shifting from physical methods of child-rearing to those that are more verbal and psychological in nature |
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What are the physical aspects in parenting preschool children?
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Meeting the nutritional needs because children require good nutrition to grow and eat a
balanced and nutritious diet that includes adequate amounts of protein |
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What are the health and safety concerns with parenting preschool children?
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Immunizations
Safe and age-appropriate play equipment |
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What 3 aspects are included in parenting preschool children?
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Cognitive
Behavioral Emotional |
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What are the 14 ways in which parents of preschool children can provide structure and nurture for their young children?
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Affirming developmental achievements
appropriately Providing a safe and loving environment Encouraging appropriate and safe exploration of the environment Modeling respectful and gender equal behavior Modeling of communication the marital relationship Encouraging the expression of feelings Providing developmentally appropriate information Providing appropriate feedback with regard to behaviors Explaining the consequences of behaviors Communicating clearly – no guilt trips! Being consistent Being respectful of the child Listening attentively Having space in one's life for a child |
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How should parents use rules in teaching
structure to preschool children? |
Use and family systems as a primary means for maintaining the group's efficient functioning
One way that parents teach structure to children and help children to internalize controls that guide their behavior |
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What are some examples of ways in which the parents teach structure children help
children to internal mind controls the guide their behavior? |
Negotiable rules
Nonnegotiable rules |
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What are some aspects of beginning
socialization in preschool children? |
Processes by which children are taught to
conform to social rules, to acquire personal values, and to develop attitudes and behaviors Young children expected to adopt the rules, behavioral expectations, and limits or boundaries that the family system has established |
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Give examples of how young children are
expected to adopt rules, behavioral expectations, and limits or boundaries that the family system has established. |
Prosocial behaviors
Aggression Delaying gratification Self-regulation Temper tantrums |
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Gender identity
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The knowledge that humans are either male or female
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Give examples of how are encouraged parents encourage positive gender role development.
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Children first learn gender or sex roles according to the parents' interpretations of masculinity or femininity
Higher levels of self-esteem and social competence are found among adult who adopt more gender neutral role orientations |
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Gender-neutral role orientation
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Androgynous
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Sexuality
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Broad aspects of sexual interest, attitudes, and activities that are an expression of a person's
total being |
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What is important to use when parents teach children about sexuality?
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Appropriate emotional tones
Effect that parents communicate when discussing these issues |
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What are some pointers for parents teaching preschool children about death and dying?
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Very young children cannot understand the
finality of death Many young children reach the conclusion that that happens only to those who are old, sick, or fatally injured Consider the cognitive abilities and developmental stage of the child and adjust accordingly |
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Describe the attachment between parents and their preschool children.
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Manifests itself in relationships that a child
develops with others inside the parents |
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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
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May occur in children who have been
traumatized in early childhood through severe neglect or abuse or who spent the early months for even years of their lives and circumstances of severe neglect |
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What are the changes in cognitive development of preschool children?
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Shift to the occupational mode of thinking
Preschoolers make judgments and reach conclusions based on their limited understanding of operation and rules |
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How does Piaget describe the relative rigidity of preschoolers' thoughts?
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Equating appearance with reality
Egocentrism Centering Irreversibility Inability to solve problems involving conservation Preoccupation with classification Animism Pre-causal thinking |
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What types of toys should parents by their preschool aged children?
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Those that encourage physical activity and
promote gross motor skills |
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Give examples of toys that encourage physical activity and promote gross motor skills.
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Wagons
Tricycles Scooters |
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Give examples of outdoor equipment.
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Swings
Gym sets Seesaws Playhouses Sandboxes Water – play equipment Games |
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What is necessary with preschool children play with games?
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Supervision
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Why is it manipulative play equipment important to preschool children?
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Encourages hand eye coordination
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Give examples of manipulative play equipment.
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Blocks
Connecting toys Simple puzzles Bead stringing Shape sorting cubes Sorting/nesting toys Lotto matching games Sandbox toys Bath toys |
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What are some examples of educational toys for preschoolers?
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Picture and storybooks
Simple computer games Simple boardgames |
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Give examples of equipment that encourages creativity in preschoolers.
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Arts and craft supplies such as crayons, paint, modeling clay, markers, children's safety
scissors, and paper Rhythm instruments Chalk |
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Give examples of dramatic play equipment for preschoolers.
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Dress up clothes and accessories
Action figures Trucks and cars Play kitchen and sensory Role-play equipment Racially and culturally diverse dolls Small stage or low platform for performances |
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What is parent's communication with preschool children based on?
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Respect Skill |
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What should not be able use by parents when using positive guidance methods with
preschoolers? |
Praise
Positive reinforcement |
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How should parents of preschoolers deal with conflicts or stressful interactions with their preschool children?
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Accept that a child's behavior is bound to cause tension at times
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What is considered to be self defeating in
positive guidance methods for preschoolers? |
A number of adult patterns
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What is most effective when the physical
differences between a parent and a child are minimized? |
Communication
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What does the preschool child need to be taught?
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To take increasing responsibility for their
behavior as they grow older |
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What are learned by a child through a parent's
setting reasonable limits that can be understood? |
Discipline
Responsibility |
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What is a means for understanding the child
actions? |
Try to discover the reason(s) underlying the child's misbehavior
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What should parents not expect a preschooler to do?
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Behave like an older child
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What the parents need to accept when providing positive guidance to their preschoolers?
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Mistakes are part of human nature and view them as tools for learning how to act
appropriately |
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What should parents use when providing
positive guidance to their preschoolers? |
Encouragement along with reinforcement
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Give an example of how parents can use
encouragement along with reinforcement. |
"I can see how hard you try not to give up. I hope you have tried just as hard next time this
happened, I'm proud of you for trying." |
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We should parents clearly identify when
providing positive guidance to their preschoolers? |
What is appropriate and what is not
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Which parents do rather than solving the
problem for the child? |
Talk out a problem
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Which parents do when providing positive
guidance to the preschoolers? |
Take away a privilege
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What should parents explain to their preschool children and help them understand?
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There are alternative ways to act
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What should parents not used in motivating their preschool children?
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Shame
Guilt |
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What are 2 important things about behavior problems?
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Stage specific
Unique to the stage of the lifespan |
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What are some ways which parents involve their preschoolers deal with bedtime and sleeping problems?
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Develop healthy sleep hygiene routines
Talk with children about their fears |
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What are common for preschoolers?
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Bad dreams
Nightmares |
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What should parents do to assist preschoolers with elimination?
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Protecting a child from situations that are ever stimulating or brightening may be another easy way of supporting appropriate habits
Should never shame or humiliate a child |
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How should parents help their preschoolers combat eating problems?
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Expose children to healthy foods early
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Shared meals
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Powerful tools for connecting for with other
family members |
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What are some specific eating problems?
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Resistance to eating and dawdling never food served at meals
Overeating, obesity, and poor nutritional choices as a result of lack of parental responsibility and guidance Developing peculiar desires for nonfood items |
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Pica |
The developing of peculiar desires for nonfood items
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For many parents, what do the preschool years represent?
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The best of childhood
Later will be known as the good ole' days |
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What children have a good grasp of as preschoolers?
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Language
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Why are the preschool years consider the "awwwwwwwwwww time" of childhood?
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They are affectionate, loving, and sweet
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What do preschool children think about their parents?
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They are wonderful
They know everything there is to know |
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According to Freud, what stage of our
preschoolers in? |
Phallic
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According to Piaget, what developmental stage are they in?
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The occupational stage
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According to Erikson, what developmental stages are they in?
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Initiative versus guilt
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According to Freud, what is the task for children
this age? |
To learn to identify with the same-sex parents
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At the beginning of the phallic stage, what does the child tend to have?
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A crush on the opposite sex parent
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What would we hear little girls often say?
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"I'm going to marry daddy when I grow up." |
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What would we hear little boys often say?
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" I'm going to marry Mommy when I grow up." |
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By the time the children are at the end of this stage, when have boys learned?
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To identify with their fathers and girls with their mothers
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What takes place during the phallic stage?
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Strong gender role identity
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What are the 2 things that will boys learn about gender role identity during the phallic stage?
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Boys learn the behaviors and attitude that
societies deem appropriate for males and girls learning the behaviors and attitudes that societies appropriate for females |
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Why are Freud's ideas about gender identity
criticized? |
Particularly with regard to the subordination of women to men
They were rigid and helped perpetuate many stereotypes that still exist today |
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What do children this age create strong ideas about?
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What it means to be a boy
What it means to be a girl |
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Piaget's preoccupational stage
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Child has certainly broadened their way of
thinking from the sensorimotor stage, but is still pretty unsophisticated in the way that they think |
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Egocentric
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Seeing the world from their own perspective and not recognizing how others see things
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What does being egocentric include?
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Preschooler believing that " they are the center of the universe, that things happen simply
because they exist, and that everything revolves around the child" |
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When will egocentrism change?
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Around age 6 or so
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What is the preschool child likely to do when asked a question on the telephone?
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Nod their head into the phone
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Transductive reasoning
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Very common at this age
Reasoning from one particular to another without having an understanding of the steps a reason for something |
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Give an example of transductive reasoning.
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The preschool child who is wearing a ring and the weather is likely to say when asked why is it raining, it's raining because I'm wearing my
raincoat! |
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What skill do preschoolers use in language?
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A symbolic play
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How many vocabulary words do the 5-year-old have?
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2000
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How will preschoolers use an object?
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For a purpose other than for what it was
designed |
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Give an example of how children will use an
object for a person other than for what it was designed? |
Making a bow and arrow out of 2 sticks
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What do you children tend to have during the preoccupation stage?
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Lots of curiosity
Ask lots of questions |
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Give examples of the question preschoolers asked during the pre-occupational stage.
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" Where was I before I was born?" "Why does the sunshine?" "Where do people go when they die?" |
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What are the 3 things that children preschool have difficulty with?
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Conversation
Classification Seriation tasks |
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According to Piaget, what can't preschoolers do that older children or adults can?
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They as logically
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Give an example of how preschool children can not thinking logically at older children or adults.
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They tell you which of 2 sticks is longer, but we do have problems finding a group of sticks in size order.
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According to Piaget, what should parents keep in mind when interacting with their preschoolers?
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Their knowledge is incomplete
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Give an example of how a preschooler's
knowledge is incomplete. |
Things that are obvious to the parent are very often not even recognized by the preschooler
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Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage
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Lasts from about age 3 – about age 5
Marked by the ability of the child to plan and directed self initiated activity |
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What is the positive outcome of Erickson's
initiative versus guilt stage? |
Having a sense of initiative
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When do preschoolers begin to have a sense of initiative?
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When the child has primarily positive
experiences When parents encourage rather than criticize Allow the child opportunities to set and pursue goals rather than doing everything for the child or limiting the child's experience to rigidly Answer the child's questions rather than ignore them or put them off |
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What is the purpose of parenting at the initiative versus guilt stage?
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Help children grow from having total
dependence on others into individuals able to trust themselves to get around independently in the world To help child to be able to initiate and sustain activities and to form a positive self-concept |
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What would Erickson expect of parents in the
initiative versus guilt stage? |
Be especially aware of their child's feelings and emotions and to respect them
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What is a preschooler's most common form of emotional upset? What percent of disruptions that homelessness account for?
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Crying
Accounts for about 74% of disruptions at home |
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What is another form of emotional upset? What percentage of distractions at home are this type??
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Anger
23% of distractions at home |
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What are the main source of this distress?
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PC interactions account for about 71%
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What are the other two sources of this distress?
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Siblings account for about 13%
Peer conflict account for about 6% |
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What is the parents' usual response to a preschooler's distress? Why should parents
react this way? |
Give practical, problem-solving suggestions that the child can deal with the situation
Children are better able to plan and are more effective in social activities |
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What do children at this age have trouble with?
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Understanding more than one emotion in a
person at a time |
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Give an example of how understanding more than one emotion in a person at a time is
difficult for children of this age. |
They are likely to think that someone who is
nice is nice all the time |
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How can parents of children teach children to express themselves and find solutions to
upsetting events? |
By encouraging children to express their
feelings of sadness and distress and teach the ways to deal with the feelings appropriately Children look to adults as role models The parent who gets upset at a situation and throws things or yells or hits, or punches the wall will show their children that this is the way to handle adversely and conflict |
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When do children first develop fears?
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Preschool years
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What are natural fears that preschool children develop?
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Animals
Of the dark Of harm from imaginary creatures Of natural disasters like fires and storms |
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What can help preschool children deal with their fears?
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The way parent handle these fears
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What can happen to fears as the child's thinking becomes more sophisticated?
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Some fears fade away
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Explain how some fears occur because of things that happen in the environment.
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Someone dies and the child becomes fearful that it will happen to them or their parents
There's a tornado and people's houses are blown away the child's fearful that that will happen to his house |
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When are fears for children harmful?
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When they are intense and prevent the child from exploring the world and interacting with other people
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What type of speech do preschool children tend to use?
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Private speech directed to themselves
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Give examples of the private speech in which preschool children tend to use.
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" I got my shoes and socks" "First you take this long and then you put it here" |
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What is the purpose of the private speech in which preschoolers use?
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Gives themselves validation or direction
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What happens as children gain in attention span and concentration increases?
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Capacity for self-control also increases
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What do children know by the end of the preschool period?
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Know the rules
How to follow the rules Often without reminders |
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Instead of crying and temper tantrums, what will preschoolers do to try to resist following rules?
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They will use verbal means of refusing and
negotiating compromises |
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What are some ways that you have seen preschoolers express himself emotionally?
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Given what we know about the developmental stages of preschoolers, describe the task of
parenting this age group. Why? |
A complicated balancing act
Parents are challenged to "adjust to a developing child is behavior and personality traits are emerging rapidly |
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During the growing years (preschool years), what does the child attachment to the parents serve?
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"To protect children from danger, to facilitate their exploration of the environment, to play a role in regulating physical proximity, and to provide a sense of security and trust" |
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As children grow and develop, what replaces physical intervention as a means by which
parents ensure safety and proximity, and permit exploration? |
Verbal interaction
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What does parenting in this age period Include?
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Being a sensitive, responsive caregivers to
provide feelings of security to the child Balancing and acceptance of the child's individuality with control of their behavior Providing stimulating experiences with toys and people Helping children master challenges so that they feel successful Serving as a coach to foster the child's increasing competence and self-control in social relationships Helping the child to conform to rules outside the home Providing companionship and play Affirming child's accomplishment of developmental tasks Supporting exploration of the environments of people and things Encouraging acceptance of gender identity by teaching acceptance of both sexes Encouraging expression of feelings and . associating feelings with actions Providing information that is accurate as possible and correcting misinformation Encouraging the separation of fantasy from reality "Understand that they play a significant role in their child's life by acting as interpreter and helping to give meaning to children's understandings of their world |
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Why is providing information that is accurate as possible and correcting misinformation
extremely important? |
They are imaginative
How they make unmerited assumptions |
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How to parents teach structure?
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Rules
Consequences |
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What are the 2 types of rules?
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Negotiable
Nonnegotiable |
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What are samples of nonnegotiable/negotiable rules for preschoolers?
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Consequences
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Vital to teaching preschoolers of control of their actions
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What are some developmentally appropriate consequences for preschoolers?
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Sense of initiative
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An attitude that "represents further adaptation to the environment"
Fosters an economy that needs preschoolers' need for accomplishment particularly their belief that "they can do something " |
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Sense of guilt
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The alternative to acquiring a sense of initiative The psychosocial hazard faced both by young children and those who assist them in their developmental process |
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What is important for parents to know about the
initiative versus guilt stage? |
"When caregivers' responses cause the young child's psychosocial focus to become centered on guilt rather than initiate, action is inhibited" |
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In what stage do we clearly see how socialization is done?
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Initiative versus guilt
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Socialization
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The processes by which children are taught to conform to social roles, to acquire personal
values, and to develop attitudes and behaviors typical or a representative of their cultural environment |
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Socialization of behaviors
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Prosocial behaviors
Empathy Aggression |
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Prosocial behaviors
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Promote the helpfulness and concern for others
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Empathy
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The ability to accurately comprehend the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
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Although the text highlights the difficulty in knowing how adult model that it behaviors in young children, what are some ways they model empathy for preschoolers?
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Aggression
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Any hostile action that causes fear and leads to forceful contact with another
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What are the 3 challenges to and supports for parenting preschoolers?
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Sexual – role developments
Issue with this definition and the discussion following in the text When thinking about the parental role in the situation it is important to consider that preschoolers have internalized standards that they evaluate themselves by |
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Sex – role development
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"An important aspect of an individual self-concept is gender identity, the knowledge that humans are either male or female" |
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What are the issues with this discussion and
decision following in the text? |
Conflicts gender identity and sex
Does not differentiate the knowledge of sex variation with the actions or cultural norms assigned it to it |
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Do you think that this is an issue among preschoolers?
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When thinking about the parental role in this
situation what is important to consider? |
Preschoolers have internalized standards that they evaluate themselves by
Establish gender identity and this identity is unchanging over time Prone to gender stereotyping |
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Give an example of gender stereotyping.
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"Only boys can be doctors" "Girls have to do the dishes" |
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What does what does gender stereotyping tend to be reinforced by?
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Parents
Friends The media School |
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What do children tend to discourage?
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What they consider to be gender inappropriate behavior in their peers
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Give an example of how children tend to
discourage gender and appropriate behaviors and their peers. |
"You can't play with that truck, you're a girl" |
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What are 4 developmental problems that parents need to attend to in preschoolers?
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Meeting physiological needs
Getting control of bodily functions Getting control of eating problems Getting control of emotional reactions |
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Sexuality
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"The broad aspects of sexual interests, attitudes, and activities that are an expression of a person's total being" |
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What is a typical question concerning sexuality?
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"Where do babies come from?" |
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What should parents remember when
responding to the questions about sexuality? |
It's not just what you say but it's how you say it
Preschoolers easily absorbed any feelings of embarrassment that accompany apparent answers to sexual questions |
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What are young children unable to
comprehend? |
The mechanics involved in human reproduction
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What can be challenging issues for both parents and children?
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Getting control of bodily functions
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Bodily functions
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Masturbation
Bedwetting |
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What do children this age actually become
interested in? |
Their own bodies Other peoples' bodies |
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What is not unusual for preschool children?
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"Playing doctor" Comparing body parts with another child |
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What do preschoolers often find pleasurable?
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Touching their genitals
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How do some parents react to their
preschoolers pleasurably touching their genitals? |
Negatively by even scaring the child with their
reaction |
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What is a better response parents can give to their preschoolers who find pleasure in touching their genitals?
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Sit down and have a talk with the child about their body and privacy issues, what is
appropriate and where |
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What types of eating problems may
preschoolers gravitate toward? |
Resistance to eating
Dawdling over food served at meals Developing particular desires for non-food items |
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Irrational fears
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Fears that are normal
Some are even healthy |
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Give examples of irrational fears.
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Parents will die
The earth will open up and they will fall in |
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What should parents do to fears seem to be
interfering with the child's normal daily activities? |
Discover the cause of the fear
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Give an example of the cause of an irrational fear.
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If there was a tornado in the next town, the child may worry about a tornado hitting his house
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Sometimes, what does it take to allay a child's fears?
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Lots of conversations between the parent and child
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How should parents consider these how should parents consider these multiple conversations with their child?
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Take time and consider them as an investment in their child's emotional well-being
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The child is showing aggression toward other children what is important for the parents do?
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Determine the cause
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Possible causes of aggression
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Sometimes the child has been bullied by another child and decide that he will then bully others
They may have older siblings who are aggressive with them so he emulates behavior with his peers They may have seen it something on TV and are emulating that behavior |
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Does the reason of aggression really matter?
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Whatever the reason, parents need to help their children learn to behave in a way that curbs the aggression
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What is the second step intending to
developmental problems associated with aggression? |
Help the child label anger and articulate the
reason for aggression |
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Give an example of how parents can help the child label anger and articulate the reason for the aggression.
|
"Are you angry because John took your toy without asking?" |
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What is the third step for parents attending to
preschoolers developmental problems such as aggression? |
Learn to use words as means of expression
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Give an example of how parents can use
words as a means of the expression. |
"Tell John that you don't like it when he takes your toys" |
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Which parents look at when attending to preschoolers developmental problems such as aggression?
|
Their own behavior to see if the child modeling
what she sees the parents doing |
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Which theory is attending to preschoolers
developmental problems a part of? |
Remember social learning theory
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External supports
|
Various institutions are available to assist
parent in their task of parenting preschoolers |
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Give an example of external support.
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Child care centers
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What are common concerns for the external support?
|
Stringent health and safety requirements for the facilities, supplies, equipment, and
environmental health Licensure and state regulations Safe play area, playgrounds, and transportation Nutrition and food services Adequate staffing and qualified personnel Developmentally appropriate setting Curriculum and program activities Quality and continuity of care Relationship with the caretaker and continuity of care Emotional climate Opportunities for comfortable play with other children Respect for children's individual means |
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What type of relationship that non-parental adults promote?
|
When children have a greater impact than the methods used in working with children
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Licensure of childcare centers
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Mandatory
Monitored regularly to ensure compliance |
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Accredited center
|
Meets stringent national standards
Monitored by an ever seeing accrediting body Voluntary |
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What should parents conscientiously check?
|
A center's licensure and accreditation status
before enrolling their child |
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Preschool programs |
More educational than custodial in nature
Typically held for short period of time Goal of preparing students to enter the school setting |
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Specialized curriculum program
|
Montessori programs
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Montessori programs
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Cognitive-based curriculums
Provide opportunities for young children classify subjects as one of many activities |
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Special needs program
|
These programs typically involve children with
special physical, developmental, or mental challenges |
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Compensator programs (Headstart)
|
Designed to provide a variety of experiences for children from families with fewer resources
Promote a preschooler's acquisition of language, social and cognitive skills to enhance the child's self-concept and a sense of initiative |
