Geography Changing Urban Environments

Front 1

Urbanisation

Back 1

A process where an increasing proportion of the population live in towns and cities.

Front 2

Urbanisation in the Northern hemisphere

Back 2

-Mostly Urbanised

-Europe is the most urbanised at 60-79.9%

-Ireland is the anomaly at 0-19.9%

Front 3

Urbanisation in developed countries

Back 3

70%

Front 4

Urbanisation in the southern hemisphere

Back 4

-Less urbanised

-Africa is the least 0-19.9%

-South America is the anomaly at 60%<

Front 5

Urbanisation in developing countries

Back 5

30% urbanised

Higher rate of urbanisation

Front 6

Push factors in rural areas

Back 6

-Lack of jobs caused by mechanisation

-Lack of education

-Low wages and poverty

-Disease and poorer healthcare

Front 7

Pull factors in urban areas

Back 7

-Health services and education

-Potential employment in an informal economy

-Jobs in industrialisation

Front 8

Growth in Urban areas is caused by...

Back 8

-Migration of youth which are young and child bearing

-Declining death rate caused by improved health

Front 9

Ed Burgess model

Back 9

Noticed that different parts of the city had different land uses and functions. Separated into rings.

Front 10

CBD- Central business district

Back 10

Land use: Commercial and retail. Housing above the shops.

Function: Jobs in retail. No manual labour. Employment and leisure.

Characteristics: Busy at day. Buildings of different heights. Trains and buses.

Front 11

Inner City

Back 11

Land use: attached residential homes and tower blocks. Some offices and smaller business.

Function; Large quantity of housing. Little leisure and employment.

Characteristics: houses of a similar height and attached. Some flats. Public transport.

Front 12

Suburbs

Back 12

Land use: Mostly residential, semi-detatched. Large garden space. Some high streets.

Function: Provide large housing. Small aamount of leisure. Little employment. Public transport to the CBD

Front 13

Rural-Urban Fringe

Back 13

Land use: Agricultural buildings. Residential homes. Retail parks.

Function: Agricultural labour. Some leisure areas.

Characteristics: Homes of similar height. Agricultural buildings. Towns. Roads and transport.

Front 14

Map Features of the CBD

Back 14

-Large buildings

-Lots of shops

-Little open space

-High building density

-A roads converging

Front 15

Map features of the Inner City

Back 15

-Tightly packed terraced housing

-Some small gardens

-Little open space

-B roads

-Grid-Iron Pattern

Front 16

Map features of suburbs

Back 16

-Larger semidetached homes

-B roads

-Large gardens

Front 17

Map features of the RUF

Back 17

-Some residential buildings+Farm houses

-Main roads

-Open space

Front 18

Problems with richer cities- Housing in London

Back 18

-7% population increase since 1971

-Number of houses increased by 30%

-People are living alone, divorces increases, life expectancy increase, marrying later.

Front 19

Richer city solutions for housing-London

Back 19

-Build 240,000 new homes

-Affordable pricing

-60% brownfield

Front 20

Brownfield sites

Back 20

-Shops and business nearby

-Roads and utilities already exist

-Easy to get planning permission

-Near to facilities

-Cuts commuting

Front 21

Greenfield sites

Back 21

-Doesn't need cleaning

-All space in towns and cities is being used

-Countryside is attractive

-Cheaper land

-Not restricted by land use

Front 22

Providing Houses-Redeveloping Brownfield Sites

Back 22

-Derelict and unused sites in the inner city cleared and redeveloped

-e.g Charter Quay in Kingston

Front 23

Providing houses- Infilling in the suburbs

Back 23

-Gardens and parks are sold off to increase the density of inhabitants.

+Good transport links to CBD

+Variety of homes

+Countryside not damaged

-Can create urban congestion

Front 24

Providing houses- Urban extension

Back 24

-Poor quality greenfield sites develops, e.g between Crawley and Gatwick

+Large space for family homes

+Large garden space

-Lack of roads and utilities

Front 25

The inner city decline

Back 25

1.Industrial revolution caused unemployment

2.Urban areas become specialist in areas of manufacture.

3.In 1950's heavy industry declined due to competition from abroad

4.Suburbanisation took place and the wealthy moved out to the suburbs.

5. Poorest left in the inner city with lowest levels of education.

6.Env becomes obsolete and derelict

7.Businesses reluctant to move in due to low skill level.

8.Local authorities get no tax and can't invest

Front 26

Negative outcomes of the Inner city decline

Back 26

-Lack of industry and investment

-High unemployment levels

-Crime due to poverty

-Derelict buildings

-Lack of tax

-Low level of education

-Lack of open spaces

-abandoned homes and poverty

Front 27

New Islington-What?

Back 27

-Sustainable community

-Improved standard of living

-Access to jobs

-Access to education

-Health care

-Improved quality of life

Front 28

New Islington-Who?

Back 28

-Local authority

-Local community

Front 29

New Islington-Where has the money come from?

Back 29

-Local authorities

-Private investors/companies

Front 30

New Islington- What has been done?

Back 30

-66 new homes, 200 ground floor flats, 500 apartments.

-Refurbished hospital

-Work shops

-Water ways

-Urban amities (e.g shops)

-Parks

-Community facilities

Front 31

New Islington- Positives and Negatives

Back 31

+Improved healthcare and education

+More jobs

+What the community needed

-Costly

-Still taking place

Front 32

Traffic Problems

Back 32

-Respiratory issues caused by particulates

-Increased fuel consumption and cost

-Congestion slows deliveries

-Discolouring of buildings

-Contributes to atmosphere

-Less people living the CBD

Front 33

Traffic Sticks (Encourage people to leave the car behind)

Back 33

-Congestion charges in London encourage people to take alternatives.

-Multiple occupancy lanes mean people will travel in groups. Reduced number of cars.

Front 34

Traffic Carrots (encourage people to take public transport)

Back 34

-Oyster cards make entering public transport efficient and easy.

-Park and ride systems encourage people to park outside the CBD and us public transport in.

Front 35

CBD problems- Conflict between pedestrians and traffic

Back 35

-Create an inner ring road where traffic is concentrated away from centre.

-Clarence street in Kingston

Front 36

CBD problems- Lacking identity due to chain shops.

Back 36

-Local markets are encouraged and locally made products promoted

-e.g Market square in Kingston

Front 37

CBD problems- Non-attractive area. Out of town sites preferred.

Back 37

-Street art, entertainment and musicians encouraged in certain areas.

-e.g tumbling telephones in Kingston

Front 38

CBD Problems- Lack of diversity within town centres. Shopping the only purpose

Back 38

-Mixed use development leisure complexes encouraged. Creates a night time economy.

-e.g The Rotunda in Kingston

Front 39

CBD problems- Out of town shopping centres offered a better place to shop in poor weather.

Back 39

-Shopping centres developed under 1 roof

-e.g Bentalls centre in Kingston

Front 40

CBD problems-Litter and Pollution

Back 40

-Kingston first rangers clear 45000 sq. m of gum each year and remove graffiti within 24hrs.

Front 41

Segregation

Back 41

when people of a similar ethnic groups choose to live with people of the same ethnic groups.

Front 42

Segregation occurs because...

Back 42

-Support from others

-Familiar culture

-Safety in numbers

-Employment factors (Immigrant groups tend to do lower paid jobs or have a high unemployment rate. Limited money means immigrants buy homes in cheaper parts of the inner city)

Front 43

Reducing segregation in Leeds

Back 43

-Improved access to education so people can learn to read and write.

-Improving literacy rate so people can gain jobs

-Educating host about ethnic groups to increase tolerance.

-Encouraging facilities for groups to mix e.g youth groups

-Providing mixed tenure accommodation in new housing blocks.

Front 44

Mumbai Sanitation

Back 44

-Low level of sanitation and therefore quality of life.

-1 tap provides 10 homes.

-Waste in streets. 1 toilet provides 1440 people.

-High population density. 30 people per 30 sq. ft. This causes rapid spread of disease.

Front 45

Mumbai Economy

Back 45

-Informal economy (No tax)

-High level of employment (85%)

-Unsafe conditions.

-No tax means no investment in health and education

Front 46

Mumbai Environment

Back 46

-Unstable land.

-High risk of flooding

-Rubbish and chemical poisoning.

-Vials is commen

Front 47

Mumbai Utilities.

Back 47

-Illegal electricity hookups are unsafe. Fires and electrocution.

-Houses made of flammable materials.

-No roads and no tax means no fire service

Front 48

Rio Favelas- Assisted self help schemes

Back 48

-Legal rights are given to the land to spur improvement.

-Affordable loads are given to people for materials.

-Training schemes for builders

-with money saved on builders, companies provide electricity water and roads.

Front 49

Rio Favelas- Site and service schemes

Back 49

-Area of land is redeveloped and infrastructure is put in place

-families build with what they can afford

-Loans taken out for improvements

-Rent paid for legal rights to the land

Front 50

Rio- Favela Bairo Projects- Social improvements

Back 50

Services for people with addictions

Adult literacy classes

Front 51

Rio- Favela Bairo Projects- Economic Improvements

Back 51

-Legal rights to properties

-Training schemes for secondary employment skills

Front 52

Rio- Favela Bairo Projects- Environmental improvements

Back 52

-Widening streets for fire and ambulance access

-weekly rubbish collecting

Front 53

Rio Favella improvement stats

Back 53

-80-120% property value increase

-Local business doubled

-Improved sanitation

Front 54

Mumbai Waste

Back 54

Cause

-Rising population

-Governments desperate for economic growth so allow unregulated waste disposal

-Improving QOL increases waste.

Effect

-7500 tons of garbage and 2100 tons of industrial waste per day.

Front 55

Dzherhinsk (Russia) Toxic waste

Back 55

Cause

-300,000 tons of toxic waste dumped in the 30's

-Chemical weapons manufacture

Effect

-Deadliest chemical pollution in the world

-Death rate of 206%

-Life expectancy of 47

Front 56

Lenfen (China) Air Pollution

Back 56

Cause

-Coal mines

-1/3 of China's coal energy

Effects

-Highest sulphur dioxide levels

-Astma and bronchitis

-Acid rain

-400,000 pollution deaths per year

Front 57

Citarum River (Indonesia) Water Pollution

Back 57

Cause

-5m living on the banks

-Human Sewerage, animal crossings

Effect

-River filled with rubbish

-Fish extinction and poisoning

-Typhoid

Front 58

India E-Waste

Back 58

Cause

-people break down computer parts from developed countries.

-Burning and boiling for gold+platinum

Effect

-Cadmium and lead cause health problems

-10 x normal lead in blood

Front 59

Features of a Sustainable City

Back 59

-Resource and services accessible to all

-Public transport

-Walking and cycling is safe

-Open space for leisure

-Renewable resources used

-Waste is recycled

-Energy efficient

-Affordable housing

-Investment for the feature

Front 60

Millenium village

Back 60

-Triple glazing and double thickness cavity to stop non-renewable resources being wasted.

-Southern facing walls and Sainsbury's has earth walls and 14 turbines. This means that less energy is used on heating and electricity.

-Grey water recycling on the o2 roof reduces energy usage on water cleaning.

-New tube station, 3 new bus routes and homes have been built next to jobs/ shops to reduce cars usage.