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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Identify types of mechanical valves and bioprosthetic valves. |
- Bi leaflet: “ST. Jude’s”, two semicircular disks; forms 2 color jets when open
- Tilting disks: single circular disk that opens/slants at an angle
- Ball-cage: Starr – Edwards, “a thing of the past" |
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2. Describe homograft valves. |
- Preserved human aortic or pulmonic valves - Harvested at autopsy - Can become calcified over time |
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3. Which mechanical valve is not used anymore? |
- Ball – Cage. - High risk of clots. |
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4. What causes prosthetic valve structure failure? |
- Tissue degeneration-hardening/thickening of the valve over time which causes stenosis - Failure to coapt during valve closure which leads to regurgitation - May occur 10+ years after implantation |
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5. What echo limitation makes it difficult to assess and evaluate prosthetic valves? |
- Acoustic shadowing from mechanical valves can make it difficult to see structures |
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6. Identify flow characteristics with bi-leaflet and tilting disk mechanical valves. |
- Bileaflet MR: 2 outer jet 1 sm center
- Tilting-disk valve MR: 2 orifice 1 bigger 1 smaller |
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7. How and what type of valves produce spontaneous contrast? |
- Mechanical Prosthetic Valve. - Microcavitation, Due to impact of the occlude against the sewing ring. |
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8. What percentage of bioprosthetic valves have a small degree of regurgitation? |
- 30% - 50% |
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9. Identify the regurgitation characteristics with a bi-leaflet mechanical valve. |
- 2 crisscross jets |
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10. What specific measurements are needed to calculate the aortic valve area of a tissue valve? |
- Continuity equation - AVA= (CSA_LVOT x VTI_LVOT)/VTI_Ao - LV outflow tract velocity-time integral - LV outflow tract cross-sectional areal - Aortic jet velocity-time integral |
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16. Identify the max aortic velocities for normal prosthetic valve function, and significant stenosis of a prosthetic valve. |
< 3m/s normal 3-4 possible >4 significant |
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What can cause dehiscence? |
Endocarditis. |
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St. Jude is an example of what type of prosthetic valve. |
Bi-leaflet. |
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What causes the most difficulties when scanning a prosthetic valve? |
Acoustic shadowing. |
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Color Doppler of a bi-leaflet prosthetic valve shows what type of regurgitant jet? |
Tow crisscross jets. |
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What type of valve is not utilized any more? |
Ball and cage. |
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Which indicates severe aortic regurgitation? |
200 ms. |
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Which of the following AR deceleration slopes indicates mild regurgitant? |
• 600 ms • 500 ms |
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What measurements are needed to calculate the valve area of a prosthetic valve? |
• LVOT csa •Ao valve VTI • LVOT VTI |
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The maximum pressure gradient across the prosthetic valve is 64 mmHg. What is the jet across the valve |
4 m/s |
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What kind of characteristics does pathologic prosthetic regurgitation have |
• large and or eccentric jet • confetti like appearance • color aliasing |
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What type of valve would be good for a person who is unable to take blood thinners? |
Carpentier Edwards |
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An unstable prosthesis where the sewing ring is broken is called blank? |
Dehiscence. |
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What is the reason why we measure the regurgitant jet in every View? |
To find out if patient has pulmonary hypertension |
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A heterograft valve is transferred from blank to humans |
Animals |
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What is hemolysis and what kind of prosthetic valve causes this concern? |
• the destruction of red blood cells • caused by mechanical valves |
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Tilting disc valves produces spontaneous contrast due to blank? |
Microcavitation |
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LV dysfunction may cause a blank trends of valvular velocity |
Low. |
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What kind of prosthetic valve can last over 30 years |
Mechanical valve |
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What percentage of prosthetic valves have |
30 to 50% |
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Which of these velocities will indicate severe aortic stenosis of a prosthetic valve? |
4.3 m/s |
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Pannus is a fibrous in growth of blank making it difficult for the prosthesis to open and close |
Tissue |
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Flow characteristics that consists of two large lateral valve orifices and a small narrow Central orifices corresponds with what type of valve? |
Bileaflet mechanical valve |
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And I ordered homograph is similar to a native aortic valve except for an increase in the blank of the lvot |
Thickness |
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An autograft valve is when a patient's pulmonic valve is transferred to the blank position? |
Aortic |
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Are Peri valvular leaks considered normal for prosthetic valves |
No. |
