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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some health problems caused by an unbalanced diet? |
>Too much unsaturated fat can increase blood cholesterol level >Too much salt can lead to high blood pressure and heart problems |
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What do you need in a balanced diet? |
>Carbohydrates(release energy) >Fats(to keep warm and release energy) >Protein( for growth, cell repair and replacement) >Fibre(keep everything running smoothly through digestive system) >Vitamins&Minerals(keep skin, bones and everything else healthy) |
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What is 'cholesterol'? |
Cholesterol is a fatty substance which is essential for good health |
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How does people's need of energy vary? |
The more muscle you have the more energy you need The bigger you are the more energy you are Men tend to need more because they are slightly bigger The higher the metabolic rate the more energy you need |
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What is the 'metabolic rate'? |
The rate/speed at which chemical reactions in your body occur |
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Why is water important in the body? |
All the chemical reactions in the body occur in a watery environmental |
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What happens if you don't maintain a balanced diet? |
You become malnourished (over-weight or under-weight) |
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Why does a top athlete need more energy in their diet than you do? |
They do more exercise and therefore need more energy |
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What are some health problems caused if eat too little? |
>Slow growth(children) >Fatigue >Irregular periods(women) >Poor resistance to infection >Lack of vitamin C can cause SCURVY |
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Health problems that can arise as a result of obesity include... |
>Arthritis >Type 2 Diabetes >High blood pressure >Heart disease >Some types of cancer |
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Proteins
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Meat,fish,eggs,dairy |
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Carbohydrates |
Pasta,bread,rice,potatoes |
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What happens if you take in less energy than you use? |
Loose weight |
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Factors that affect metabolism? |
>Exercise >Genetics >Muscle:Fat >Gender |
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What does cholesterol do? |
Blocks arteries |
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What do Cholesterol blocked arteries do? |
Cholesterol blocked arteries restrict the amount of blood which passes through them |
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What could cholesterol blocked arteries lead to? |
Heart attack |
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What are the three types of microorganisms which cause disease and infection? |
>Bacteria >Viruses >Fungi |
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What does a Bacterium do? |
Bacteria produce toxins(poisons) |
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What does a Virus do? |
Viruses(much smaller than bacteria) Inhibit and reproduce in a cell Body cell breaks and releases offspring from the original virus. |
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What happens when white blood cells ingest a virus/bacterium |
>White blood cell approaches virus/bacterium >White blood cell engulfs virus/bacterium >Enzymes digest the virus/bacterium and release energy |
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What happens when white blood cells release anti-bodies? |
>White blood cell approaches the virus/bacterium >White blood cell releases antibodies (shape coordinates with shape of antigens) >Antibodies destroy antigens which disable the pathogen >white blood cell engulf and ingest the pathogen.
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What happens when white blood cells release antitoxins? |
>white blood cell approaches toxins (released by bacterium! >antitoxins neutralise/deactivate the toxins White blood cell ingests bacterium |
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Aseptic technique |
Method of preventing contamination from microorganisms |
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What temperature is suitable for school labs? |
25*C |
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What temperature is suitable for industrial conditions? |
37*C |
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What do White blood cells do when injected with a vaccine? |
Memory cells memorise the type of antigen, so the white blood cells produce antibodies rapidly when infected |
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What does a vaccine contain? |
Dead/inactive form of virus/bacterium |
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What is the advantage of distributing vaccinations to the population? |
The more people are vaccinated, the harder it is for a disease to spread |
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MMR |
A vaccine, some scientists thought it was linked to autism |
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Autism |
Condition that affects people's communication and social interaction skills |
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Ignaz Semmelweis |
Observed Hypothesis Experiment Result Conclusion |
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What does medicine do? E.g painkillers |
Medicine gets rid of symptoms But not the virus/disease Painkillers --> Analgesics |
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What do antibiotics do? |
Antibiotics relieve symptoms and get rid of disease *only treat bacterial infections* |
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Describe how antibiotic resistance occurs? |
Variation (mutation) advantage of resistance to antibiotics Spontaneous change in DNA (genes) The ones that aren't resistant die All offspring of advantageous bacterium inherit resistance. |
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Stimulus |
Changes in environment |
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Intake and outtake of blood sugar |
Food/drink >>> exercise/insulin (hormone) |
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Factors that affect change in Temperature |
Exercise, warm weather |
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Why do enzymes work at 37*? |
Too high >> doesn't work Too low >> doesn't work |
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What types of receptors do we have? |
Eyes- light Ears- sound, detect position,balance Nose-chemical(smell) Mouth-chemical(taste) Skin-touch,pressure,temp,pain |
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What do light receptor cells contain? |
-Cytoplasm -Cell membrane -Nucleus -Cytoplasm |
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Describe how a response occurs in the body |
Receptor >> sensory neurone >> CNS(relay neurone) >> motor neurone >> effectors(muscle or gland) >> response |
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How does a synapse work? |
Electrical signal >> chemical signal >> electric signal |
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Reflexes |
Responses designed to protect you, They are quick as don't use brain |
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Explain how a reflex occurs |
Stimulus >> Sensory neurone >> relay neurone (spinal chord) >> motor neurone effector >> reflex |
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Homeostasis |
Maintenance of a constant internal environment |
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Intake and outtake of water |
Food/drinking >>> breathing/sweating/urine |
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Intake and outtake of ions |
Food >>> sweating/urine |
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Why do enzymes only work at 37*C? |
Too low - don't work Too high - don't work |
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what do hormones control in the body? |
-Blood sugar -Water levels -Release eggs -Growth |
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What do the hormones FSH, Oestrogen and LH do? |
FSH-Matures an egg Oestrogen- Thickens lining of womb LH - Releases egg |
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Where are FSH, Oestrogen and LH produced? |
FSH - Pituitary glands Oestrogen - Ovaries LH - Pituitary glands |
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describe the menstrual cycle |
1-5 -> Old egg removed 1-12 -> new egg maturing 12-16 ->Egg released 15-23 -> Egg travels 20-28 -> Egg in womb |
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What stops pregnancy? |
Oral contraceptives |
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What causes/encourages pregnancy? |
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) |
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How is oral contraception used? |
Women take a pill with oestrogen(inhibits FSH) |
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What are the side effects of using oral contraception? |
Headaches High blood pressure |
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Why is Progesterone important? |
contained in contraceptive pills (sometimes) with oestrogen, and has far less side effects |
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Why might a Women request to Have IVF? |
Her body doesn't produce enough FSH |
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Explain how IVF is carried out |
- FSH is given - Several eggs matured - Egg(s) removed - Fertilised with sperm from father - Grow into embryo - Injected into ovaries - Pregnancy occurs |
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what is phototropism? |
When a plant grows towards light |
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Which direction does a root grow? |
Towards force of gravity/moisture (Positive geotropism) |
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What direction does a shoot grow? |
Against force of gravity (negative geotropism/gravitotropism |
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What hormone do plants contain? |
Auxin |
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How does auxin affect shoots and roots? |
Shoots - stimulates growth Roots - inhibits growth |
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How can you use hormones to clone plants? |
>Cut off a small part of a plant >Dip into rooting compound >Grows roots and soils itself |
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How can you use hormones to kill plants? |
> Spray weed with Auxins > Accelerated growth > Causes death of plant |
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what types of drugs are there? |
Medical Recreational Performance enhancing |
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What tests do New Drugs undergo before use? |
Toxicity >> Lab (cells, tissue, animals) >> clinical trials >> volunteers (low dose) >> further clinical trials (e.g double blind trials) |
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What is a placebo? |
a sugar pill used in blind trial to test the effect of medical treatment |
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What was thalidomide originally used for? |
Sleeping pill |
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What was thalidomide discovered to relieve? |
Relieve pregnant women of morning sickness |
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What effect did thalidomide have on pregnant women and unborn child? |
Women- relieved from morning sickness Unborn child - born with deformed limbs |
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What was Thalidomide not tested on? |
Pregnant women |
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Is thalidomide used in treatment now? |
No- banned in most countries (only some use it) |
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What was recently discovered about thalidomide? |
It can be used to treat leprosy |
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Why would someone take recreational drugs? |
To improve mood,happier,relaxed socialise |
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Why does Nicotine and alcohol have a bigger impact on society than most illegal drugs? |
Nicotine and alcohol are easily accessible, are legal, and addictive |
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What do people/Scientists think of cannabis? |
May lead to mental illness "gateway drug" |
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What is a "gateway drug" |
A drug which can lead to the intake of harder drugs |
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Why is cannabis considered a "Gateway drug"? |
>People may get bored so may want to try something stronger >access to dealers > peer pressure |
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what are different types of performance enhancing drugs? |
Anabolic steroids Stimulants |
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what does a plant compete for ? |
>Light >Water >Space >Nutrients |
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What does an animal compete for? |
>Food >Territory >Mates |
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How do living things avoid competition? |
By living in extreme conditions |
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What is a living thing that lives in extreme conditions called? |
Extremophile |
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Name examples of extreme conditions |
Salt Heat Pressure |
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What living things can survive in a salty environment? |
bacteria, mangroves, sea creatures, Lake creatures |
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What living things can survive in a high temp environment? |
Camels, bacteria, enzymes |
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What living thing can survive in a high pressured environment? |
Bacteria, Sea mammals (e.g whales + dolphins) |
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Adaptations in a cold environment |
Thick fur -Traps air,good insulator Thick layer of fat - good insulator white fur - camouflage small ears - reduce surface area - loose less heat Large paws, spreads weight when walking on thin ice |
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why do elephants have a problem with heat? |
large ears >>. increase surface area, so increase heat |
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adaptations of a cactus |
thick stem - store water Leaves - small surface area roots - large, extensive, near surface area |
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What living factors affect population size? |
Competition, predators, disease |
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what non-living factors affect population size? |
Temperature, Nutrients, Rainfall, pollution |
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name two types of pollution indicators |
Lichens (air pollution) sensitive to sulphur dioxide SO2 Ivertebrates (water pollution) |
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What is biomass? |
The total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume
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In what order is a pyramid of biomass constructed? |
Bottom of food chain to top of food chain |
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What happens to the nutrients decayed material has taken in? |
recycled back into the soil |
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what are the three main factors that are most important when making a compost? |
Oxygen, Warmth, Moisture |
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Why are there holes needed in the container of the compost? |
Oxygen is let in Microbes use it for respiration, produce heat |
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Characteristics |
inherited from parents >> genes contain different features e.g. eye colour, hair colour, nose shape etc. |
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environmental characteristics |
Accent, religion, riding a bike |
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Genetical characteristics |
Eye colour, ear shape, dimples, tongue rolling |
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Genetical and environmental characteristics |
weight height hair colour metabolism |
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Is intelligence a genetical or environmental characteristic? |
Scientist argue both ways, so no one is truly sure |
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Explain Tissue culture |
Take cells from shoot,root or leaf place in nutrient agar(vits,sugars,hormones) (aseptic techniques) tiny plant clones grow 1000's of clones are produced |
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Explain embryo transplants |
fertilised egg becomes embryo (unspecialised cells) split the cells distribute them to host mothers CLones are produced |
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Explain Adult cell cloning |
take skin cell insert nucleus into an egg insert into host mother (shocked before implanting) Clone |
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Explain genetic engineering |
Take out nucleus from bacterium take out a cell with desired gene use enzyme to break open a chromosome take out gene place gene in the open space of the nucleus Place nucleus into bacterium Bacterium replicates |
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sexual reproduction |
Requires gametes>> fusion of gametes >> genes >> variation |
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Asexual reproduction |
one parent >> clones |
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why was there opposition to the theory of evolution in the beginning? |
God created everything Not enough evidence No understanding of variation and inheritence |
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Explain Natural selection |
All living things show variation some features provide advantages those with advantage survive and reproduce genes passed on |
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Mutation |
Spontaneous change in dna >> advantage |
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darwin's theory |
1) individuals in a species show variation in features 2)advantageous features help individuals to survive and reproduce 3)advantageous features are passed on to offspring |
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Lamarck's theory |
1)Individuals in a species can change their features over their life time 2)these changes,made by the living thing itself can be passed on to offspring |
