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184 Cards in this Set
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This is a computerized radiographic method of taking pictures of different planes of body structures. It is used to scan brain structures and frequently used as neurodiagnostic method for people with communication disorders like aphasia secondary to stroke.
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tomography
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This is a radiographic imaging procedure where X ray beams circle segments of brain and pass through tissue. Camera takes pictures of sections being scanned. Scanner detects differences and computer analyzes images generated and produces pictures. Can detect hemorrhages, lesions, tumors, etc.
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computerized axial tomography
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This method records and measures electrical impulses of brain through small surface elctrodes attached to scalp. Can show brain waves assoc with diff activity and indicate cerebral pathology by abnormal electrical seizure activity
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electroencephalography EEG
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This involves patient staying still in a cylinder, used to show fine brain detail and SC structure. Can provide images of soft tissue, large blood vessels, and heart. Based on alignment and realignment of nuclei of atoms in cells. Use electromagnetic signals and provides higher resolution images than CT scans but is expensive.
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MRI
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This is a type of emission computer tomography that allows imaging of metabolic activity through measurements of radioactivity in the section f the body being viewed. Injected substance spreads through brain, amount of radioactivity is scanned and observed diff suggest changes in cerebral metabolism. Can evaluate function of blood flow and brain metabolism.
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positrom emission tomography PET
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This evaluates the amount of blood flowing through a structure. Patient inhales xenon 133, radioactive gas that spreads through cerebral hemispheres and enters bloodstream. Scanner detects radiation and computer calculates blood flow in regions. Helpful to diagnose cerebral lesions associated with neuropathologies.
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single phonton emission computed tomography SPECT
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This is a method of examining movement of internal structures and recording movement patterns. Helpful in assessing VP mechanism, VF, swallowing, and respiratory movement. Soft tissue coated with barium and nasal spray, observers can have multiple views of structures and movements. Can confirm suspected dysphagia.
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videoflouroscopy
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These are abnormalities of structures of head and face that are congenital and can be due to genetic factors.
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craniofacial anomalies
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These are more often unilateral than bilateral and occur more frequently on the left side. Rare bilateral types have a greater tendency to coexist with palatal clefts. These rarely result in speech disorders if alone.
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cleft lip
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T/F: Males tend to exhibit higher frequency and greater severity of cleft lip than females, who exhibit higher frequency of palatal clefts.
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T
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Name some things that develop during the embryonic period, first seven to ten weeks gestation.
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-embryonic cells multiply first few weeks
-forebrain end of week 3 -stomodeum- primitive mouth and nose, frontonasal process-nose, central upper lip, primary palate, maxillary process -upper lip and primary palate- end of week 7 -mandibular process-end of week 4/5 -hard and soft palates- end of week 5 -fusion of 2 shelves of hard palate at midline- 8th and 9th week -muscle mass from two sides fuses to form hard palate- end of 12 week |
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These are minimal expressions of clefts including hairline indentation of lip/notch. Reveled only through laminographic exam.
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microforms
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In this type of cleft of soft palate, there is midline deficiency or lack of muscular tissue and incorrect positioning of muscles. Bifid uvula may be present.
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submucous cleft
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In this type of cleft in hard palate, there is body defect in midline/center of bony palate that can be felt as depression/notch in bony palate with finger palpation in intraoral exam.
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submucous cleft
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This is only detectable by X ray exam and nasopharyngoscopy
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occult submucous cleft
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Microforms include these, in which surface tissues of soft/hard palate fuse but underlying muscles/bones do not
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submucous clefts
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This is congenital impaired velopharyngeal closing-valve dysfunction, characterized by significant impairment of VPI functions revelead by videoflouro/endoscopy.
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congenital palatopharyngeal incompetence
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T/F: Kids with clefts are prone to middle ear infections and hearing loss.
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T
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Name some communication difficulties kids with clefts will have.
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-artic: more difficulty with unvoiced sounds, difficulty with sibilants and high pressure stops and fricatives, compensatory erros like substitutions
-language: initially delay, disorders part of genetic syndromes, normally receptive skills -phonatory: nodules, hypertrophy and VF edema, resonance disorders |
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What is the main concern when assessing kids w/ clefts?
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speech production and velpharyngeal adequacy
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How do we assess velopharyngeal closure?
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manometer- normal ratio of 1.00 suggests adequate closure
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What is the rule of 10s for treating kids with clefts?
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-wait until the child has reached a weight of 10 lbs, age of 10 weeks old, and has a hemoglobin of 10. Help to minimize risk of general anesthesia, maximize healing, and facilitate aspects of surgical repair based on child's size
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Hypernasality due to VP incompetence should not be treated until what (2) things...?
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a) there is surgical/prosthetic efficacy to improve physiologic function
b) child is capable of velopharyngeal closure but is using previously established inappropriate compensatory artic patterns that can be modified |
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FOR PRAXIS... ADD ALL...
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SYNDROMES
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What factors must be taken into account in terms of infant's readiness for oral feeding?
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-severity of medical condition
-gestational age -cardiovascular/respiratory stability -behavioral state organization -ability to demonstrate hunger -coordination of suck, swallow, breathe |
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What is one challenge associated with mechanical feeding?
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infants don't have pleasurable experiences and limited exposure to a variety of foods and different tastes and textures
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Caregivers are encouraged to provide nonfeeding oral stimulation. Explain.
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This is gently rubbing baby's face, using finger to rub hard palate, stroking baby's tongue, rubbing cheeks, tapping around lips in a circle, massaging gums with finger/toothbrush
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If a neonate has documented HL, what must be involved in care?
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aural rehabilitation
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Before baby engages in communication and interaction, what needs to be achieved?
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specific cognitive and linguistic stimulation strategies to maximize development
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This involves cuddling skin to skin between infants and caregivers
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kangaroo care
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What are the 2 parts of the outer ear?
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auricle/pinna
external auditory meatus |
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This funnels the sound to the ear canal and helps localize sound - it is the most visible part of the ear and is composed mostly of cartilage
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auricle/pinna
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This goes from the pinna to the tympanic membrane/eardrum. It is a muscular tube, made mostly of cartilage that is shaped like an S. It resonantes the sound that enters it and has special cells that secrete wax or ______________. How long is it on average?
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external auditory meatus
cerumen 1 inch long |
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What are the functions of cerumen?
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lubricating and cleansing canal, protection from fungi, bacteria, and small insects
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This is a air-filled cavity, separated from the outer ear by the...? It contains three small bones that form the ...?
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middle ear
tympanic membrane ossicular chain |
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What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
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the eustachian tube
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This is a elastic, thin, and cone-shaped that is flexible and fought and vibrates sound in response to pressure. It responds to low-fequency sounds and certain portions of high-frequency sounds. It is easy to damage.
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tympanic membrane
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This is suspended in the middle ear by ligaments and is composed of 3 tiny bones. Name these
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ossicular chain
malleus, incus, stapes |
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This is the first and largest of the three tiny bones, resembling a hammer. One ended is embedded in the tympanic membrane and the vibrations are transmitted here.
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malleus
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This is attached to the malleus in a tight joint that permits little movement
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incus
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This is attached to the incus, and the footplate is inserted into the oval window, a small opening leading to the inner ear.
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stapes
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What is the purpose of the ossicular chain?
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it amplifies sound by 30 dB before transmitting it to the fluids of the inner ear
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What are the 2 small muscles in the middle ear that dampen vibrations of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain?
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tensor tympani
stapedius |
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This muscle is innervated by the trigmenial nerve, and stiffens the ossicular chain so its vibrations are reduced. It tenses the tympanic membrane.
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tensor tympani
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This is the smallest muscle in the body, innervated by the facial nerve, which helps to dampen vibrations along with the tensor tympani
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stapedius
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This is what happens when a person hears a loud noise that could damage the ears. It is stiffening of the middle ear, especially the tympanic membrane.
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acoustic reflex
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This connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx, and helps maintain air pressure within and outside the middle ear. It can be opened by yawning/swallowing and ventilates the middle ear by letting in fresh air. It can allow germs and infections to spread into the middle ear, causing hearing problems, more common in infants whose tubes are more horizontal.
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eustachian tube
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Which two muscles help open the eustachian tube?
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tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini |
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T/F: Infants with cleft palate frequently have ET dysfunction, making them vulnerable to conductive hearing loss.
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T
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This is the most complex of the three divisions of the ear, it begings with the oval window. Through the movement of the footplate of the stapes, this receives mechanical vibrations of sound.
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inner ear
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The inner ear is a system of ____________________ within the temporal bone filled with a fluid called ___________________.
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labyrinths
perilymph |
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What are the two major structures of the inner ear?
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vestibular system
cochlea |
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These are responsible for equilibrium, related to movement, balance and poster, which is a structure of the inner ear.
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semicircular canals
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This is snail shaped and resembles a coiled tunnel, and is filled with ________________.
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cochlea
endolymph |
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The floor of the cochlear duct is called the __________________ _________________, which contains the ________________ ___ ____________________, containing several hair cells/cilia, which respond to sound vibrations.
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basilar membrane
Organ of Corti |
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Through __________________ _________________, vibrations creating wavelike movements are transmitted to the endolymph, which transmits movements to the basilar membrane.
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Reissner's membrane
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______ frequency sounds stimulate the tip and __________ frequency sounds stimulate the base.
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low
high |
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The vibrations create a ____________ force on the cells, and at this point, mechanical forces of vibrations are transformed into ______________ ________________, stimulating nerve endings.
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shearing
electrical energy |
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This picks up the neural impulses created by the movement of the hair cells in the cochlea
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CN 8
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What are the two branches of the vestibulochlear nerve?
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vestibular branch- equillibrium/balance
auditory/acoustic- conducts electrical sound impulses from cochlea to brain |
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How does the auditory nerve exit the inner ear?
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internal auditory meatus
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Nerve impulses carried by right and left auditory pathways enter brainstem and are considered ___________________. Beyond this, they are considered ________________.
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peripheral
central |
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At the ___________________ __________, the auditory nerve exits the temporal bone through the internal auditory meatus and enters the brain stem. At this level, most of the auditory nerve fibers ______________ to the opposite side, forming ____________________ pathways.
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cerebellopontine angle
decussate contralateral |
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From the brainstem, acoustic nerve fibers do what...?
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project sound to temporal lobe of the brain
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What is the source of sound?
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mechanical vibrations of an elastic object
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Vibrations occur in ___________, or repeated patterns of movement measured per second. ______________________ is the number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself within 1 second. A tone of a single frequency is called a ____________ tone. A tone of a single frequency that repeats itself is a _______________ _______________. Two/more sounds of differing frequencies create a ____________ tone.
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cycles
frequency pure tone sinusodal tone complex tone |
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Back and forth movement of molecules change air pressure because they are __________________ together and far apart, or __________________.
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compressed
refracted |
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This term refers to cycles per second.
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Hz
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What is the range of frequencies the human ear is capable of responding to?
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20-20,000 Hz
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______ changes are changes in frequency, because it is the perceptual correlate of frequency. It is perceptual, and frequency is physical.
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pitch
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Changes in ___________ are changes in the loudness (perceptual). This is a physical phenomenon.
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intensity
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This is the extent of displacement of the molecules in their to and fro motion.
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amplitude
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On a logarithmic scale, the ear is sensitive to 130 units called ...? 1/10 of a bel. They are measures of sound pressure and measures intensity of one sound against another.
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decibels
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Intensity of sound is measured in decibels at a certain...?
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sound pressure level SPL
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Value of sound pressure is measured in __________, pressure is measured in terms of _________.
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watts
pascals |
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This is the lowest intensity of a sound necessary to stimulate the auditory system.
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hearing level
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The human ear is most sensitive to sounds ranging between _________ and ________ Hz.
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1000 4000
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T/F: By 3-4 months of age, babies turn their heads toward sources of sound.
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T
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In this process, sound waves strike the tympanic membrane. Movement causes ossicles to move, creating fluid movement in inner ear. These movements cause vibrations in basilar membrane of cochlea.
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air conduction
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In this process, fluids of inner ear are housed in skull. Larger bones of skull conduct sound, as does ossicular chain. Skull bones vibrate in response to airborne sound waves, causing inner ear fluid movement.
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bone conduction
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T/F: Air and bone conduction result in different kinds of cochlear activity.
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false
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T/F: More than 1/2 of all hearing-impaired people are younger than 65.
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T
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What are some factors that could place a child at risk for HL?
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-maternal drug/alcohol abuse
-maternal diseases like rubella/syphilis during pregnancy -family history |
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A child who is hard of hearing has a HL between what dBs?
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16 and 75
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An adult who is hard of hearing has a HL between what dBs?
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25 and 75
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The term ___________ refers to deafness not as a disability but as a cultural identity.
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Deaf
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In _________________ HL, efficiency with which the sound is conducted to middle/inner ear is diminished. The inner ear, acoustic nerve, and auditory centers of the brain are all working normally. Ppl with this HL can hear their own speech well.
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conductive
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This is where the external ear canal is completely closed. Common in kids w/ cleft palate/craniofacial anomalies.
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atresia
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This is a birth defect that results in a narrow external auditory meatus.
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stenosis
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This is caused by bacteria/virus, and is a common infection of the skin of the EAM, cause of conductive HL
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external otitus
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This, AKA middle ear effusion, is an infection of the middle ear often associated with upper-respiratory infections and ET dysfunction. Occurs frequently in infants and kids but rarely in adults.
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otitis media
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In _________ otitis media, middle ear is inflamed and filled with watery/thick fluid. ET is blocked and doesn't allow fresh air to ventilate middle ear.
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serous OM
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In ___________ otitis media, there is sudden onset due to infection. Quick buildup of fluid and pus creates moderate to severe pain. Child has a fever and possible vertigo. Buildup of pressure may rupture tympanic membrane, giving instant relief as pus is discharged from ruptured membrane.
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acute
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This procedure involves small incisions in tympanic membrane to relieve pressure of acute OM.
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myringotomy
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In _____________ otitis media, there is permanent damage to middle ear structures. Frequently due to erosion of oscsicles, cholesteotoma, or atrophy/perforation of tympanic membrane. Most patients have painless, foul smelling discharge. How is it repaired?
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chronic
myringoplasty |
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This is another common cause of conductive hearing loss, maybe inherited and more common in women. A new spongy growth starts on footplate of stapes. Stapes becomes rigid, footplate does not move enough into oval window to create pressure waves in inner ear fluid.
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otosclerosis
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This is frequently found in patients with otosclerosis, it is a pattern of bone-conduction thresholds characterized by reduced bone-conduction sensitivity predominantly at 2,000 Hz.
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Carhart's notch
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This disease causes stapes to become too soft to vibrate. Surgically removed in a procedure called the___________________ and proesthesis/Teflon replaces it.
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otospongiosis
stapedectomy |
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In this type of HL, the middle ear may conduct the sound efficiently to inner ear, but damage to hair cells of cochlea or to acoustic nerve prevent brain from getting neural impulses of sound. It is permanent because damaged cells and nerve are not repairable. BONE AND AIR CONDUCTION ARE IMPAIRED. Ppl have difficulty hearing themselves talk. Some frequencies more affected than others.
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sensorineural HL
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A potential symptom of SN HL is ________________, which refers to a disproportionate increase in growth of perception of loudness of sound when presented with linear increases in intensity. Makes a person hypersensitive to intense sounds and must be considered during hearing aid fitting.
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recruitment
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Name some prenantal causes of HL.
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damage to fetus hearing: drugs taken by mom (especially during 6/7 week)
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These are drugs that reach the inner ear through the bloodstream and damage cochlear hair cells or acoustic nerve fibers in children and adults.
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ototoxic drugs
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This is a ringing/buzzing sound in the ears.
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tinnitus
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T/F: Birth defects in kids may cause sN HL.
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T
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List some viral and bacterial diseases that cause SN HL in kids.
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syphilis
toxoplasmosis rubella cytomegalovirus herpes simples mumps meningitis |
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This is the most common cause of viral HL, a herpes type virus transmitted by close contact with infected kids and through sexual contact.
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cytamegalovirus
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This tumor can develop on the acoustic nerve and cause SN HL through slowing nerve conduction of sound impulses to brain
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acoustic neuroma
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This is a hearing impairment in older ppl due to aging, associated with SN HL.
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presbycusis
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This is a condition that causes fluctuating sN HL, usually in adults, attributed to excess endolymph fluid pressure in labyrinth, causing distended membranes. Symptoms include hL, dizziness/vertigo, sense of fullness in ear, tinnitus.
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Meniere's disease
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This occurs when neither middle nor inner ear is functioning properly. Can be caused by presence of two separate disorders or a single pathology, such as advanced otosclerosis or head injury, that affected both SN and conductive systems.
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mixed hL
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This includes the brainstem, where auditory nerve terminates, the fibers that project sound to auditory centers of brain, and those brain centers.
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central auditory system
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this refers to effectiveness and efficiency with which CNS uses auditory information
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central auditory processing
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1( These problems result from problems in outer, middle, or inner ear. 2) These result from disrupted sound transmission between brainstem and cerebrum as result of damage/malformation
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peripheral hearing problems
central aud disorders |
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Name some causes of central auditory disorders.
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tumor, TBI, HIV, asphyxia during birth, genetic disorders, infections like meningitis, encephalitis, metabolic diturbances, CV disease, drug/chemical induced problems, central degenerative diseases (AD), demyleinating (MS)
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What is a major symptom of central auditory disorders?
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difficulty understanding distorted speech
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What are some manifestations of central auditory disorder?
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poor auditory discrimination/integration/sequencing skills, difficulty listening with background noise, poor aud attention/memory, poor localization, difficulty following melody of music, learning to read, academic problems
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What are the 3 components of behavioral intervention programs for kids with central auditory disorder?
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a)direct intervention/remediation techniques to improve auditory skills
b) helping child use compensatory strategies to manage deficit c) modify environment to minimize other learning problems |
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People with _____________ pathology have damage to the nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex. These disorders consist of pathology including cerebellopontine angle or CN 8. Typically caused by tumors/acoustic neuromas.
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retrocochlear
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These are frequently used elctophysiologic measure because they are easiest to obtain and interpret and assist in differential diagnosis.
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auditory brainstem responses
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Retrocochlear disorders may be caused by this inherited disease characterized by presence of numerous small turmors that grow slowly and occur along various peripheral nerves.
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von Recklinghausten
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This is an electronic instrument generates and amplifies pure tones, noise, and other stimuli for testing hearing.
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audiometer
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The audiologist can select frequency and vary intensity of sound stimulus through use of a dial that increase/__________________ the intensity.
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attenuates (decreases)
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This test is carried out to determine hearing threshold for selected frequencies.
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pure tone hearing test
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This is an intensity level at which a tone is faintly heard at least 50% of the time it is presented. Each is presented several times for reliability.
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threshold
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How are tones presented?
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1000 Hz then 2,000, 4,000, and 8000, then 500 and 250
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This assesses the sensitivity of SN portion of auditory mechanism. What is the procedure
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bone conduction
Bone vibrator placed on forehead/behind ear. Whe sound strikes bones of skull, they vibrate and stimulate fluid in inner ears. It is difficult to determine which ear heard the sound and which didn't. |
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How do we overcome the problem w/ bone conduction?
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masking- noise is sent through headphone at a level strong enough to mask the tone heard in the opposite ear.
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This measures how well a person understands speech and discriminates between speech sounds.
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speech audiometry
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Audiologist determines this, which is the lowest level of hearing at which person understands 50% of words presented. What words are used
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speech reception threshold
spondee words (2-syllable, equal stress) |
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This is an assessment that establishes how well person discriminates between words by having them correctly repeat monosyllabic words like cap and day.
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word discrimination/recognition test
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This is transfer of acoustic energy. Takes place when a sound stimulus reaches external ear canal and strikes tympanic membrane.
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acoustic immitance
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Tympanic membrane and middle ear offer ______________ or resistance to flow of sound energy. _________________, a counterpart, is a measure of the amount of energy that flows through the system
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impedance
admittance |
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This is a procedure where acoustic imminence is measured with electroacoustic instrument called bridge/meter.
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tympanometry
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Impedance meter can also measure ____________ reflex, a response of muscles attached to the stapes bone. Elicited in both ears by a relatively loud sound presented to either ear. Stiffening of ossicular chain, to protect ear from damage.
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acoustic reflex
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This is an objective measure of auditory mechanism function. In response to sound, cochlea, acoustic nerve, and auditory brain centers generate measurable electric impulse. These are recorded as changes in electrical activity of brain.
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electrophysiological audiometry
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This is the procedure for measuring electrical activity of cochlea in response to sound. It is a response consisting primarily of compound action potential that occurs at distal portion of cranial nerve 8. Most useful in monitoring cochlear function in operating rooms.
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electrocochleography
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This is a technique used to record electrical activity in auditory nerve, brainstem, and cortical regions of rain. Useful in detecting brainstem disease and testing newborn hearing.
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Auditory brainstem response ABR
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What are 3 major groups of ppl who undergo hearing screening?
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school kids, newborns, adults in professions with loud noises
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In hearing screens, pure tones are presented at _____ DB. Which frequencies are tested?
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20-25
500 1000 2000 4000 |
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This is often used with older infants and involves presenting a sound and seeing if infant will turn his/her head toward sound. Measured by presenting sound from diff directions and noting response
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localization audiometry
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This is testing a child's hearing by conditioning voluntary responses to sound stimuli. Best for kids who are challenging to test with traditional methods, those with disabilities, ADD, behavioral disorders.
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operant audiometry
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How are HL judged?
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mild: 16-40 dB
mod: 41-55 dB mod severe: 56-65 dB severe: 66-89 dB profound: 90+ dB |
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These are graphs that display results of air and bone conduction. Shows HL in DB for both at tested frequencies.
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audiogram
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This indicates that the loss is conductive. It is the difference between a bone-conduction threshold and air-conduction for a given fequency in the same ear. When it averages 10 dB or more, it implies a conductive loss.
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air-bone gap
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How can you tell from audiogram that SN component is present?
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thresholds are higher than normal when sound is delivered directly to cochlea via bone conduction. Air conduction thresholds are also elevated.
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How can you tell a noise-induced HL from an audiogram?
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greater loss between 3,000 and 6,000
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T/F: Congenital HL has a greater impact than a HL acquired later in life.
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T
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Kids with __________________ deafness become deaf before they acquire s/l skills. Those with _______________________ deafness have HI that occurred after age 5.
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prelingual
postlingual |
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What are factors that determine prognosis for HL and speech and language improvement?
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-how early in life professional help is given
-quality and scope of services -extent to which parents help their child -presence of other disabling conditions |
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What are common speech disorders of ppl with HI?
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distortion of wounds
omission of initial, final consents cluster reduction substitution of voiced for voiceless consonant omission of /s/ substitute nasalas for oral consonants increased vowel duration imprecise vowel production epenthesis- adding a schwa to consonant blends |
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Name some language problems for HI ppl.
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use of limited sentence types
use of reduced length sentences diff/ w/ comprension irrelevance of speech insufficient background info slower acquisition of grammatical morphemes limited oral comm reading comp problems writing reflects oral problems |
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Name some voice, fluency, resonance disorders for pplw/ HI.
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-hypernasal,hyponasal
-abnormal phrasing, flow, rhythm -monotone, improper stress -restricted/high pitch range -impaired rate -inefficient breathing, pausing -deviations in voice quality (hoarse/harsh) |
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This is an educational and clinical program implemented by audiologists, designed to help ppl with HL achieve full potential
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aural rehabilitation
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This can be done through several means, including hearing aids, cochlear implants, tactile aids, assistive devices
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amplification
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What are 2 major considerations when determining if child needs amplification?
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a) do they truly need it?
b) are they motivated to use it/follow through |
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These are small electronic devices that deliver sound to ear canal.
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traditional HA
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List types of HA.
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eyeglass: built into frame of glasses
body aids: under shirt/blouse behind the ear: has internal receiver in the canal: less visible complexity in canal: smaller, less visible, terminates close to tympanic membrane in the ear: smaller model, fits in cochlea of external ear disposable: 40 day use life, under 100 for binaural set, can be fitted and dispensed at office |
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These are common HA, create patterns of electric voltage that correspond to sound input. Consist of microphone, receiver, power source, and volume control.
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Analog HA
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This amplifies signals and delivers them to receiver
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amplifier
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These contain microcomputer technology. Rapidly samples input signal and converts into binary system of zeros and ones.
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digital HA
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What are advantages to digital HA?
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more flexible, can be molded
helps amplify selected frequencies for which HL is greater more effective at reducing irritating noise better signal to noise ratio |
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These amplify sounds for patient using a bone conduction vibrator
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bone conduction HA
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What are steps in selecting a HA?
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-exam by otologist for physical condition of ear
-diagnostic test by audiologist -hearing aid eval -monaura/binaural amplification decisions |
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These are electronic devices surgically placed in cochlea and other parts of ear, deliver sound to acoustic nerve endings in cochlea. Takes advantage of residual elements of cochlear neural elements
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cochlear implant
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How are cochlear implants diff from HA?
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deliver electrical impulses, converted from sound, directly to auditory nerve. HA just delivers sound.
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What are 4 parts of cochlear implants?
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microphone
processor external transmitter implanted receiver |
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T/F: Cochlear implants are only used w/ ppl who have minimal/no hearing and can't profit from HA.
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T
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What is best population for cochlear implants?
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prelingual deaf
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This is a more current development in implant technology- directly stimulates cochlear nucleus of auditory nerve at brainstem level.
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central electroauditory prosthesis
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These are a type of sensory substitution for ppl who are deaf. Promote comprehension of speech by means of touch. Simple ones have a single channel to transform acoustic signal to mechanical. They are cheaper and don't involve surgery. The _____________ ________________, manual system for ppl who are deaf and blind, involves placing hands on speaker's face to feel vibrations of speech.
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tactile aids
Tadoma Method |
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These hlep ppl with HI to gain info through flashing lights or vibrators on devices
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safety alerting devices
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These allow deaf people to use telephone
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telecommunication devices for the deaf TDD
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This is designed to teach a person with HI to listen to amplified sounds, recognize meaning, and discriminate them. ___________________ are frequently more effective and powerful. One reason is because HA pick up all background noise too, and these only amplify signal of interest (speech)
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auditory training
desktop auditory trainers |
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This is a wireless system that can be used in a group/individual treatment. Teacher and kid both wear receiving and transmitting units to hear and talk
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FM auditory trainer
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What is the level of ambient/extraneous noise in a classroom?
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60 dB
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This involves deciphering speech by looking at face of speaker and using visual cues to understand message. In English, only --% of sounds are visible on the face and some are _____________________ and look the same and may be confusing
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speech reading.
30 homophonous |
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This is speech produced with manual cues that represent speech sounds, can be used to supplement speech reading.
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cued speech
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How does cued speech differ from sign language?
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composed of 8 signs for consonants and 4 for vowels
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What concepts should clinicians focus on in oral language training?
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-grammatical morphemes
terms with dual meaning antonyms proverbs abstract verbs |
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What is important in speech, rhythm, and voice training for HI?
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-AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES, STOPS
-voice-voiceless distinction -resonance problems -intonation -mechanical feedback |
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This method attempts to have users use amplification methods such as HA/ cochlear implants to tap child's residual hearing. It is expected that they will eventually learn to speak and fit into mainstream social, vocational, educational settings.
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aural/oral method
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This is a means of nonverbal communication involving fingerspelling and singing. Proponents believe kids who are deaf must be taught a comprehensive sign language system.
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manual approach
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This involves teaching both verbal and nonverbal means of communication, sign and speech simultaneously.
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total communication
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What are some forms of nonverbal communication?
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ASL- syntax differs from English
Seeing Essential English (SEE 1) - ASL but breaks words into morphemes and uses written English order Singing Exact English (SEE 2)- used more widely, mroe flexible about word order, breaks down morphemes to stand alone Fingerspelling Rochester Method-uses combo of oral speech and fingerspelling. Signs are not used. Oral aspect is traditional English. |
