Chapter 8 Vocab Apush

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Terms

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Terms

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Nationalism

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe.

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Sectionalism

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a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole, ultimately led to the Union's worst crisis: civil war between the North and the South in the early 1860s

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Abolitionism

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is support for a complete, immediate, and uncompensated end to slavery. In the North before the Civil War, there were only a few abolitionists and these were generally considered radicals. However, they were prominent and vocal, and as sectional tension mounted, they became more prominent and influential.

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Antebellum

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The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

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Era of good feelings

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the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

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Bonus Bill of 1817

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A bill introduced by John C. Calhoun to provide a federal highway linking The East and South to The West using the earnings Bonus from the Second Bank of the United States

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Fletcher vs. Peck

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Arouse out of a series of notorious land frauds in Georgia, the Court had to decide whether the Georgia legislature of 1796 could repeal the act of the previous legislature granting lands under shady circumstances to the Yazoo Lands Companies. In a unanimous decision, Marshall said that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved.

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Treaty of 1818

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A negotiated treaty between the Monroe administration and England. This treaty came after the War of 1812 to settle disputes between Britain and U.S. It permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries w/ the Canadians, and fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. It also provided for a 10-year joint occupation of untamed Oregon country

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Land Act of 1820

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An act replacing the Land Act of 1800. It was a result of the depression, bank failures, bankruptcies, soup kitchens, unemployment, etc. of 1819. The original Land Act allowed Americans to buy 160 acres of land (minimum) at $2.00 an acre over a period of four years. The Land Act of 1820 offered less acreage, but it also cost less. It allowed Americans to buy 80 acres at $1.25 an acre. This helped to calm the westerners when they demanded cheaper land.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Its two basic features were:(1) Non-Colonization of the Western Hemisphere(2) Non-Intervention in the Western Hemisphere - Colonization's era had ended and England and other foreign powers needed to keep their monarchial systems out of the Western Hemisphere

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Tariff of 1816

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Created taxes on imports to protect nation. It was the first tariff in American history with aims that were primarily protective to merchants

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Cohen's vs Virginia

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- Situation: Cohens was found guilty by the state court of VA of selling lottery tickets illegally- Constitutional Issue: Which court holds precedence?- Finding of the Court: The conviction was upheld- Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the Supreme Court is stronger than the state courts

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Gibson vs Ogden

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This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on ferries between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

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The American System

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A plan proposed by Henry Clay, in 1824, to work on economic reform. The plan called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvements. These improvements would be the construction of better roads and canals.

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Non-intervention

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One of the two features located in the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe declared a new policy on foreign intervention. The policy declared that the United States would not become involved in European affairs. Europe would stay out of the Western Hemisphere 1823 as well.

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Internal improvements

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Included roads, canals, railroads; essentially, an internal transportation network that would bind the country together.

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isolationism

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Deals with the Americans trying to separate themselves from foreign affairs.

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Second bank of the US

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It was a federal establishment operated by the government as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819

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Panic of 1819

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severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post-War of 1812 years; the Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic. All this helped divide commercial interests of the East from the agrarian interests of an expanding West

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Peculiar institution

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Another term for slavery

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Protective tariff

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a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war.

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Non-colonization

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Noncolonization is part of the Monroe Doctrine that was written in 1823. Noncolonization said that America was closed to anymore colonization. A colonization attempt by anyone would be deemed a threat to the United States. It was created by the U.S. to protect the Western Hemisphere.

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Missouri Compromise

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1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

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Second Party system

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a period in American political history between 1828 and 1854 and saw rising levels in votes and the major parties were he Democratic led by Jackson and the Whigs led by Clay.

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Old Southwest

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The Southwestern United States is a region defined in different ways by different sources. Broad definitions include nearly a quarter of the United States, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah

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Old Northwest

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The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio

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Corrupt Bargain

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A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

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Tariff of abominations

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AKA Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional

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Westward expansion

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Westward expansion was fueled by the prospect of fortune. Mining was a new frontier that everyone was interested in. Freedmen, ranchers, and farmers toiled alongside prospectors and commercial miners in search of a mother lode that would make them instantaneously rich.

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George Canning

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He was the foreign Minister of England who proposed a joint declaration with the U.S. that would deny any European countries the right to intervene in South America. He hoped to secure part of the South American trade for England by favoring independence (from Spanish rule) for the Latin American countries.

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Henry Clay

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He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation.

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John C. Calhoun

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Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

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John Quincy Adams

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6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.

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Daniel Webster

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Leading American statesman during the Antebellum Period; leader of the Whig Party, opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party; spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry; served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of State for 3 presidents; successful lawyer; member of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

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Andrew Jackson

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a Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

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James Monroe

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the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

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William Henry

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was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. (9th President)

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Oliver H. Perry

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United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812