Chapter 4: Developing Through The Life Span

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developmental psychologists

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branch of psych that studies phys, cog and social change throughout the lifespan.

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zygotes

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fertilized egg, it enters a 2 week pd of rapid cell division and develops to an embryo

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embryo

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developing human organism from 2 wk-end of 2nd mo

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fetus

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developing human organism from 9 weeks to birth

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teratogens

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agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo of fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrom

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phys and cog abnormalities caused by prego's heavydrinking. severe cases syntoms include noticible facial misproportions... leading cause of mental retardation

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rooting reflex

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baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek to turn toward the touh, open mouth and search fro nipple

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habituation

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to vis. stim their interest wnes and they look away sooner

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maturation

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bio growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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schema

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concept of framework that orgganizes and interprets info

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assimilate

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interpreting one's nex experiences in terms of one's existing schemas

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accomodate

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adapting one's current understandings (schemas) with the incorporation of new info

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cognition

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all themental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

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Piaget's Stages of Cognative Development

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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concret Operational and FormalOperational

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sensorimotor stage

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infants know the world mostly in therms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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object permanance

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

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preoperational stage

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child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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conservation

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theprinciple thatpropertiessuch as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes of form of object

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egocentrism

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in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking in another's point of view

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theory of mind

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(coined by premack and woodruff) people's ideas about their own and other's mental states-- about their feelings, prerceptionsand thougghts and the behavior these migght predict

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Autism

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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others' state of mind...extreme male brain

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concrete operational stage

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stage of cog development during which children gain mental capacity that enable them tothink logically about concrete events

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formal operational stage

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stage of cog development wher eppl begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by 8 mo of age

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing the caregiver and showing distance onseparation

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Harlows

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monkeys attachedto blankets, no blankets=distressed. monkeys like cloth moms

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critical period

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an optimal pd shortly after birth when organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments duringg a critical pd very early in life

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temperment

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one's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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Eric Erikson

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basic trust

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basic trust

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EE sense that world is predictible and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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self-concept

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sense of i.d. and personal worth(developed at 12)

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parenting styles

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authoritarian (too strit), permissive (too passive) and authoritative (just right)

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adolescense

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transition from kid to adult, extending puberty to independence

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puberty

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pd of sexual maturation during which people become able to reproduce

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primary sex characteristics

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body structures (ovaries, testies and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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secondary sex characteristics

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non reproductive sexual characteristics (female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair)

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menarche

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first period

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Kohlberg

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development of moral reasoning (conventional guy)

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Preconventional morality

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0-9 morality: of self interest- avoid punishment to gain concrete rewards

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conventional morality

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early teen: cares for others, uphold laws and social rusles simply b/c they're laws/rules

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post conventional morality

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some who develop abstract reasoning: ppl's agreed-upon rights or follows what one person percieves as basic ethical priniples

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social institutionalist

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haidt, moral feelinggs preceed moral reasoningg

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identity

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one's sense of self; accordingg to erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating verious roles

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intimacy

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EE ability to form close, loving relationships, primary developmental task of alte teenhood and early adulthood

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emerging adulthood

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no longer teens but havent taken adult responsibilities yet

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menopause

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time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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dementia

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mental ersion

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Alzheimer's disease

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progressive irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual detioration of memory, reasoning, language and finally physical fcn

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prospective memory

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(remember to...) remains strong when events help trigger memories

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cross sectional study

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study in which ppl of different ages are compared with one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are studied and retested over a long pd of time

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crystallized intelligence

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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increas with age

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fluid intelligence

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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tnds to decrease duringg late adulthood

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midlife transition

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transition from most life infront of you to most life behind you

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social clock

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the culturally preferred timing of social events (ie. marriage, parent hood and retirement)

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amygdala

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shows diminishing activity to negative events while maintaining responsiveness to positive ones... negative emotions disappear faster than positive ones do