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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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life span development |
the study of human development from conception to death
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reflective practice
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A method used by counselors that emphasizes careful consideration of theoretical and empirical sources of knowledge, as well on ones own beliefs and assumptions, as a precursor to practice
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stage
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A period of time, perhaps several years, during which a person's activities (at least in one broad domain) have certain characteristics in common
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differentiation
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The process by which a global skill or activity divides into multiple skills or begins to serve multiple functions.
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hierarchical integration
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The organization and integration of activities and skills from one stage of development into broader, more complex patterns at the next stage.
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id
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in Freuds's personality theory, one of three aspects of personality. Represents the biological self and its function are to keep the individual alive. It is irrational, blindly pursuing the fulfillment of physical needs or "instincts," such as hunger drive and the sex drive.
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pleasure principle
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The pursuit of gratification, which motivates the id in Freud's personality theory.
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ego
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In Frud's personality theory, the second of three aspects of personality, which represents the rational, realistic self that seeks to meet bodily needs in sensible ways hat take into account all aspects of a situation.
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reality principle
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A focus on understanding the world and behavioral consequence that leads to sensible and self-protective behavior. In Freud's personality theory, the ego operates on this principle
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superego
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In Freud's personality theory , the last of three aspects of personality, which serves as an "internalized parent" that causes one to feel guilty if his behavior deviates from parental and societal restrictions
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Freud's psycho-sexual stages
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The five developmental stages that Freud believed were initiated by changes in the id and its energy levels.
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oral stage
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The first of of Freud's psycho sexual stages, corresponding to the 1st year of life, when Freud believes that a disproportionate amount of id energy is invested in drives satisfied through the mouth.
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oral fixation
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In Freud's personality theory, an excessive ndeed for oral pleasures (such as eating or talking) that results from extreme denial or excessive indulgence of them during the oral stage.
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anal stage
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In Freud's theory, the second of psychosexual stage, beginning in the 2nd year of life, when the anal area of the body becomes the focus of greatest pleasure. During this stage, parenting practices associated with toilet training that are either over controlling or overindulgent could have long-lasting effects on personality development.
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anal personality
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In Freud's personality theory, a person who has an anal fixation
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anal fixation
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In Freud's personality theory, the result of an unsatisfactory experience at the anal stage that can include being withholding (of mental and emotional resources), being compulsively cautious about keeping things clean and in order, or being overly messy and disorganized.
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phallic stage
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the third of Freud's psycho sexual stages, lasting from age 3 to about 5, in which id energy is focused primarily in the genital region, This stage draws the greatest parental discipline, leads to feelings of guilt and the development of the superego, and can have long-lasting effects on how a child copes with post pubertal sexual needs.
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latency stage
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The fourth of Freud's psycho sexual stages, beginning around age 5, during which the id's energy is not especially linked to any particular pleasure or body part, and the potential conflicts among the three aspects of personality are largely latent and unexpressed.
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genital stage
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The fifth and last of Freud's psycho sexual stages, when the changes of puberty mean that id energy is especially invested in adult sexual impulses
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Erickson's psychosocial stages
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Erik Erickson's eight-stage model of personality that focuses on explaining attitudes and feelings toward the self and others. The first five correspond to the age periods in Freud's psycho-sexual stages, whereas three adult life stages suggest that personality development continues until death.
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trust vs mistrust
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The crisis faced in the first of Erikson's "Eight stages of Man," in which the responsiveness of an infant's caregiver will determine whether the baby s establishes basic trust and a sense of being valuable
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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The crisis faced in the second of Erikson's "Eight Stages of Man," in which the 1- to 3- year- old child may develop feelings of autonomy (I can do things myself) or of shame and self doubt, depending on whether his caregiver strikes the right balance between exercising control and being sensitive to the child's new need for independence.
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Piaget's cognitive development theory
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Jean Piaget's theory of development of cognition, which outlines four childhood stages in which the capacity to think logically about both concrete and abstract concepts evolves.
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Sensorimotor stage
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the period from birth to about age 2 when infants ar not yet capable of representaiton thougn, so they are unable to form mental images or to plan their behavior. Babies have sensory experiences, organize them on the basis of inborn reflexes or patterns of motor responses, and make motor responses to them.
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preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the time period from approximately age 2 to 7 when children are capable of representational thought but appear to be prelogical in their thinking.
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concrete operational stage
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the period from about age 6 to 12 when children begin to think logically but have difficulty applying logical thought to abstract contents.
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formal operational stage
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In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a stage that begins at about 11 or 12 years, when children are able to engage in thinking which (1) rises about particulat contents and focuses on relationships that govern those contents (abstractions), (2) involves coordinating multiple relationships, and (3) can be difficult even for adults.
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decalages
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Within-stage variations in Piaget's cognitive stages theory, Children sometimes show more advance or less advanced functioning in one or another cognitive domain than is typical of their overall stage of development.
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incremental models
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Theoretical models in which change is considered steady and specific to particular behavior or mental activities, rather than being marked by major, sweeping reorganizations that affect many behaviors at once, as in stage theories.
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behaviorist tradition
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Approaches to explaining learning in which behavioral change is seen as a function of chains of specific environmental events, such as those that occur in classical and operant conditioning.
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classical conditioning
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A process by which a change in behavior takes places when a neutral event or stimulus is associated with a stimulus that causes an automatic response. As a result the neutral stimulus causes the person to make the same automatic response in the future.
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operant conditioning
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The process by which a person learns to produce a formerly random behavior (or operant) in response to a cue because the behavior was previously reinforced in that situation.
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conditioned stimulus
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A formerly neutral stimulus that has become associated with a stimulus that causes an automatic response, thus causing the same automatic response in the future
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operant
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An accidental or random action
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reinforcement
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An event that an individual experiences as pleasurable or rewarding , which increases the frequency of a behavior that occurred immediately before the pleasurable event.
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social learning theories
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Theories that focus specifically on how children acquire personality characteristics and social skills.
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modeling
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Learning by imitation. Occurs when an individual repeats an act or sequence of actions that she has observed another individual (the model) performing.
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generalization
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The process by which learned behaviors may be extended to new events that are very similar to events in the original learning context.
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information processing theories
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Theories that tend to liken human cognitive functioning to computer processing of information.
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multidimensional theories
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A class of theoretical models in which theorist consider development to be the result of the relationships among many causal components. They generally apply to all domains of development from the congitive to the social and suggest that there are layers, or levels, of interaticing causes for behavioral change: physical/molecular, biological, psychological, social, and cultural. These models may also be called transactional, relational, systems, or bio ecological models.
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systems theories
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Another term for multidimensional models
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bidirectional processes
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Reciprocal relationships between casual mechanism. Factors that result in developmental change often moderate each others influence. For example, genetic influences are moderated by environmental processes and vice versa
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transactional theories
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Another term for multidimensional models
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relational theories
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Another term for multidimensional models
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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
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A comprehensive developmental model proposed by Bronfenbrenner that takes into account the many levels of influence the environment can have on an individual. The interacting systems in this model are the microsystem, the mesosystems, the exosystem, and the macro system.
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epigenetic theories
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A type of multidimensional or systems theory which assumes that development is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental elements. According tot his approach, the effects of developmental changes are bidirectional, influencing both the environment and the biological system.
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proximal processes
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Reciprocal interactions between a person and her immediate external environment, including other people, the physical environment, or informational sources such as books or movies. In Bronfenbrenner's biological model, all developments are function of these processes.
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distal processes
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Factors outside the immediate external environment, including internal forces(genes) and external forces (features of the educational system or of the broader culture), which modify the proximal processes in Bronfenbrenner's bio ecological model and other multidimensional theories.
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demand characteristics
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Behavioral tendencies that often either encourage or discourage certain kinds of reactions from others
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micro systems
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the immediate environment where proximal processes are played out.
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mesosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the network of microsystems that related with and modify one another.
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exosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the level of the environment that children may not directly interact with but that influences them nonetheless.
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macrosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model,the customs and characters of the larger culture that help shape the microsystems.
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critical period
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A certain time frame in which some developments, such as first language learning, must take place or the opportunity is missed.
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life span developmental theories
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A type of multidimensional theory tha emphsizes the continuity of developmental processes from birth through death. Developmental change, seen as adaptation, involves proximal interactions between the organism and the immediate context modified by more distal processes both within the individual and in the environment.
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ethnic group
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People who share cultural traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs that have been handed down through generations.
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culture
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Shared traditions, values, and beliefs that been handed down through generations.
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racial group
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groups of people, like blacks, whites, and Asians, who have historically been assumed to be genetically different, identifiable by variations in hair, skin color, bone structure, or other physiological markers. Genetic indicators of race have not been found, so that racial groups appear to be a social construction.
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socioeconomic status (ses)
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A group of people having the same social standing or power, and defined by characteristics of the adults in a household, including educational background, income, and occupational type.
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age-graded change
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Charges to which a person must adapt that are strongly age determined, such as physical changes.
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history-graded change
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Changes in our life experience hat are a function of historical circumstance, including events that we share with our whole cohort.
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cohort
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A group of people who were born in the same historical period and grew up at about the same time.
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nonnormative change
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Changes that are expected, such as the death of a family member.
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family life cycle
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A normative , stage like sequence of traditional family development in intact marriages as partners become parents, rear and launch their children, become "empty nesters" and subsequently face old age.
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sociocultural theories
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Theories proposing that there are differences in how people develop in different cultures and subcultures. Many of these theories trace their roots to Lev Vygotsky
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mechanistic views
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The perspective that individuals are passively affected by external events. They are thus highly malleable and receptive to outside intervention.
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organismic theories
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A class of theories characterized by the view that human beings are active initiators of their own development
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self-organizing
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Filtering incoming information through one's own existing mental constructs and influencing the environment's inputs with one's actions and reactions.
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constructivism
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Rooted in theories such as Piaget's, assumes that individuals are not just passive receptors of information who acquire knowledge via external manipulations. Instead people actively construct their own knowledge by interpreting information in light of prior learning, by actively restructuring prior knowledge, or by co-constructing knowledge in interactions with others.
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social constructivism
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A variation of cognitive constructivism which emphasizes the knowledge is constructed within the context of social relationships with others and stresses the influence of such variables as gender, class, and culture on the development of beliefs.
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applied developmental science
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an emerging field that has begun to synthesize and apply the findings of developmental psychology to the solution of real-world problems.
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clinical-developmental psychology
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A therapeutic approach, developed by Noam that blends developmental knowledge with clinical practice
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developmental psychopathology
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A relatively new and influential field that has applied a developmental focus to the study of abnormal behavior and dysfunction.
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protective factors
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Aspects of the organism or the environment that moderate the negative effects of risk
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risk factors
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Aspects of the organism or the environment that compromise healthy development.
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mediating variables
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Intermediate links in a casual chain. For example, if early poverty causes reading problems in school, and reading problems cause later depression, then reading problems serve as a mediating variable.
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moderating variables
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Casual factors that interact with other causal variables, altering and sometimes even eliminating the effects of other variables altogether.
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principle of multifinality
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The same developmental pathways may result in a wide range of possible outcomes.
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principle of equifinality
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Many early developmental pathways can produce similar outcomes.
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prevention science
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a new and evolving multidisciplinary mix of human development, psychopathology, epidemiology, education, and criminology that offers us useful guidelines for understanding what constituted effective prevention.
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primary prevention
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An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general population through group-oriented orientation
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secondary prevention
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an attempt to reduce the incidence of disorders among those who are at high risk or to provide treatment to forestall the development of more serious psychopathology in cases that are already established.
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tertiary prevention
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an attempt rehabilitate person with established disorders, similar to treatment.
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universal prevention
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a category of prevention efforts that are directed to the general population
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selective prevention
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a category of prevention efforts that target individuals at some epidemiological risk
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indicated prevention
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a category of prevention efforts that target individuals who show sub clinical symptoms of disorders
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reliance
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The quality that permits developmental success for some individuals despite grave setbacks, early adversity, or other risk factors.
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chromosomes
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Forty six tiny strands of DNA, found in the nucleus of each cell of the body which are the source of biological inheritance.
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autosomes
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the 22 of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are matched (they look and function alike)
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sex chromosomes
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the 23rd pair of chromosomes, which are alike in females but mismatched in males, and which determine an individuals sex.
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karyotypes
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a display of the actual chromosomes from human body cells, photographed under a microscope and laid out in matching pairs.
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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a complex organic substance that comprises chromosomes and genes
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centromeres
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the central location where duplicate chromosomes remain joined during cell division.
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mitosis
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a kind of cell division the produces two new cells identical to the original cells
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germ cells
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special cells located only in the ovaries of females and the testes of males that undergo a special kind of cell division called meiosis, the produces eggs (ova) in females and sperm in males.
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meiosis
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a special kind of cell division whereby germ cells located in the ovaries and testes divide and form four new cells, each containing only 23 chromosomes, one member of each pair.
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ovum
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reproductive egg cell, containing only 23 chromosomes, produced in and released by the ovaries females.
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sperm
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reproductive cell produced by males, which contains only 23 chromosomes.
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zygote
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An ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm and thus contains a full complement of 46 chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father.
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implantation
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the process by which a zygote, which has migrated down the mothers fallopian tube into the uterus, becomes attached to the uterine lining.
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genes
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functional units or sections of DNA that provide a blueprint or code to the cell for how to produce proteins and enzymes. Found on chromosomes, they come in matching pairs, one from each parent.
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proteins
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the chemical building blocks of the body that are constructed when cells follow the codes provided by genes.
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melanin
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a pigment that affects eye color
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enzymes
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protein like substances that facilitate chemical reactions in the body, such as those involved in metabolizing food.
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lactase
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an enzyme necessary fro digesting milk
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transcription
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the complex chain of cellular processes that involves translating the code specified by a gene into the production of a protein. The series of biochemical events ultimately accounts for genetic expression or influence.
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messenger ribonucleic acide (mRNA)
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The organic compound that cells synthesize by copying strands of DNA. The sequence of bases in a gene is replicated in the mRNA, and then the RNA serves as a "messenger" to the cell from the gene, guiding the cell's construction of a protein
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alleles
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different forms of the same gene, such as the many forms of the eye color gene.
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genotype
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an individuals genetic endowment, including both expressed and unexpressed
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phenotype
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the aspects of a genetic blueprint that is actually expressed in physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual
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dominant-recessive
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a type of relationship between two alleles of the same gene, in which one allele is expressed whereas the other is suppressed.
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carrier
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someone with a gene that is unexpressed in his phenotype but can be passed on to offspring.
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codominance
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a type of relationship between two alleles of the same gene (located at matching sites on a pair of chromosomes) in which neither allele is suppressed, producing blended outcome.
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polygenic
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describes traits that are affected by the product of multiple gene pairs, often located on different chromosomes, that any one pair of gene alleles has only a limited affect on a given trait.
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genomic imprinting
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a process in which some gene alleles in the sperm or the ovum are deactivated. Imprinted gene alleles do not influence the phenotype of the offspring.
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x chromosome
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the female sex chromosomes, a matched pair of elongated chromosomes that determine that one will be a female
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y chromosome
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the male sex chromosome which pairs with an x chromosomes and determines that one will be male
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androgen's
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male hormones, produced in the testes that contribute to the development of male reproductive organs and may affect some aspects of brain development
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testosterone
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the primary masculinizing hormone or androgen produced by the testes in males and to a lesser extent by the ovaries in females.
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sickle-cell anemia
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a hereditary disease caused by a recessive, defective gene allele affecting the red blood cells. These are abnoramlly (halfmoon) shaped and not as efficient as normal, round red blood cells in carrying oxygen to the tissues. Symptoms can include breathing problems, a variety of organ dysfunctions, and sometimes early death. Most common in individuals of African descent.
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genetic counselors
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People who help screen candidates for testing that would help determine the risk of genetic disorders for their offspring. Genetic counselors provide information and support to prospective parents regarding their choices about testing, childbearing, and parenting.
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mutation
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A change in the chemical structure of an existing gene, sometimes occurring spontaneously and sometimes occurring due to environmental influences, such as exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals.
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Progeria
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a fatal genetic disorder that causes rapid again, so that by late childhood it victims are dying of "old age". Because Progeria sufferers do not survive long enough to reproduce, the the disease must be caused by a genetic mutation.
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Huntington's chorea
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a lethal genetic disorder, usually beginning between 30 and 40 years of age, that causes the nervous system to deteriorate, leading to the uncontrolled movements, increasingly disordered psychological function, and eventually death. because the dominant, defective alleles causing this disorder do not have their effects until after the childbearing years, it continues to be passed from one generation to another.
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down syndrome (trisomy 21)
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A disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21 and often characterized by mental retardation, flattened facial features, poor muscle tone, and heart problems.
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x-linked recessive disorders
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a class of genetic disorders that are carried on the X chromosome and are recessive, meaning that they are more likely to affect males, who do not have a matching X chromosome that might have the corresponding (and dominant) normal gene. Examples include hemophilia, baldness, color blindness, and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
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androgen's
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male hormones, produced in the testes that contribute to the development of male reproductive organs and may affect some aspects of brain development
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testosterone
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the primary masculinizing hormone or androgen produced by the testes in males and to a lesser extent by the ovaries in females.
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sickle-cell anemia
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a hereditary disease caused by a recessive, defective gene allele affecting the red blood cells. These are abnoramlly (halfmoon) shaped and not as efficient as normal, round red blood cells in carrying oxygen to the tissues. Symptoms can include breathing problems, a variety of organ dysfunctions, and sometimes early death. Most common in individuals of African descent.
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genetic counselors
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People who help screen candidates for testing that would help determine the risk of genetic disorders for their offspring. Genetic counselors provide information and support to prospective parents regarding their choices about testing, childbearing, and parenting.
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mutation
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A change in the chemical structure of an existing gene, sometimes occurring spontaneously and sometimes occurring due to environmental influences, such as exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals.
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Progeria
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a fatal genetic disorder that causes rapid again, so that by late childhood it victims are dying of "old age". Because Progeria sufferers do not survive long enough to reproduce, the the disease must be caused by a genetic mutation.
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Huntington's chorea
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a lethal genetic disorder, usually beginning between 30 and 40 years of age, that causes the nervous system to deteriorate, leading to the uncontrolled movements, increasingly disordered psychological function, and eventually death. because the dominant, defective alleles causing this disorder do not have their effects until after the childbearing years, it continues to be passed from one generation to another.
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down syndrome (trisomy 21)
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A disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21 and often characterized by mental retardation, flattened facial features, poor muscle tone, and heart problems.
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x-linked recessive disorders
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a class of genetic disorders that are carried on the X chromosome and are recessive, meaning that they are more likely to affect males, who do not have a matching X chromosome that might have the corresponding (and dominant) normal gene. Examples include hemophilia, baldness, color blindness, and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
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trinucleotide repeats
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repeated sequences of three bases that are part of the code in many normal gene alleles, such as several sequences of CGG (cytonine-guanine-guanine) in a row. The number of trinucleotide repeats sometimes spontaneously increase, constituting one type of gene mutation. Too large a number can cause a gene to function improperly or not at all.
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fragile x syndrome
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associated with the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome, resulting in a failure to express the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is required for normal neural development.
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molecular genetics
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field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. The field studies how the genes are transferred from generation to generation
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gene expression
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In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype.
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Human Genome Project
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an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.[1]
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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a genetic disorder resulting from the absence of an important enzyme, without which the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be metabolized. Unless the victims diet is severely restricted, phenylalanine soon accumulates in the body and causes mental retardation.
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behavior genetics
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field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behaviour. Often associated with the "nature versus nurture" debate, behavioural genetics is highly interdisciplinary, involving contributions from biology, genetics, epigenetics, ethology, psychology, and statistics. Behavioural geneticists study the inheritance of behavioural traits. In humans, this information is often gathered through the use of the twin study or adoption study.
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passive gene effect
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the effects of parents genes on the kind of environment that they create for their children. When these effects are compatible with child own hereditary tendencies, the child's genes are a passive source of environmental influence.
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active gene effect
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the influence of genes on an individuals choice of environments, companions, an activities, People choose environments that are compatible with their interest, and those interest may be influenced by genes.
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heritability
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the proportion of variation among individuals on a trait may be the result of their having different genes.
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nonshared environment
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different environment input that is considered to be responsible for the degree to which to individuals differ on a give trait.
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niche picking
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the process whereby children, as they grow older, are less constrained by their parents choices and choose environments that are compatible with their interest. These environments then provide support for and probably strengthen those interest.
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epigenesis
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the control of genetic expression y both regulatory DNA and environmental factors
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coaction
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the intricate pattern by which genes and environment mutually influence one another . The activity of the genes is affected by the environment of the cell that is affected by other levels of the environment including the outside world. One result is that the same complement of genes produces different outcomes ind different environments. Also, the same environment can have different effects on outcome when interacting with different genes.
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epigenome
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the full set of factors, from DNA to outside world that controls the expression of coded genes
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germinal period
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the first two weeks of pregnancy, beginning at fertilization and ending at implantation in the uterine lining.
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period of the embryo
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lasting from the 4th to the 8th week of gestation, the time that most of the body's organ systems and structures are forming.
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cephalo-caudal
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Describes the "head to tail" direction of prenatal development
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proximo-distal
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the "near to far" (or inner to outer) direction of prenatal development.
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period of the fetus
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Lasting from the 9th week of gestation until birth, the time of rapid growth and further differentiation when the reproductive system forms, gains in body weight occur, and the brain and nervous system continue to develop.
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somatic cell therapy
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an experimental approach to correcting defective genes that involves insertion of healthy genes into appropriate tissues.
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germline gene therapy
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a experimental approach to correcting defective genes that involved altering the sperm or egg cells to pass on healthy genes to future generations.
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teratogens
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substances or agents that can cross the placenta barrier and produce fetal deformities when taken or absorbed by the mothers during pregnancy.
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placenta
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a nourishing barrier that surrounds the developing fetus, allowing nutrients from the mothers blood to pass to the fetus blood while allowing waste to be removed b the mothers blood. Otherwise, it keeps the two circulatory systems separate.
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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a condition found in babies who are exposed to alcohol prenatally. it is characterized by a unique facial configuration (small head, widely spaced eyes, flattened nose)
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fetal alcohol effects
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symptoms, usually in the form of cognitive impairments, affecting babies who do not have the physical or structural problems of fetal alcohol syndrome but who were exposed to small amounts of alcohol prenatally
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no observable effect level
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the threshold of alcohol ingestion by a pregnant mother above which the fetus will experience some functional impairment.
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lowest observable adverse effect level
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a level of prenatal alcohol exposure at which a fetus will experience some functional impairment but is not likely to sustain structural malformations.
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kwashiorkor
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a condition occurring in children who suffer sever protein and calorie shortages, which is characterized by stunted growth, a protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. Although therapeutic diets can reverse some effects, cognitive impairments are likely to persist.
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eustress
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a form of positive stress
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distress
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a form of negative stress that includes the kinds of frustrations, conflicts, pressures, and negative events that people experience in their lives either intermittently or chronically
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alarm phase
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the first phase in the body's reaction to a stressor, during which the activity o the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands increases in preparation for fight or flight.
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resistance phase
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the second phase in the body's reaction to a stressor, during which the body is moderately aroused, the parasympathetic system takes over, and the body continues to resist the effects of the stressors.
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exhaustion phase
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the final stage in the body reaction to a stressor, which occurs if the struggles persist to the point that the body's resources are depleted. Depression, illness or even death can occur after severe prolonged stress.
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epinephrine
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also called adrenaline, it is a substance that is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. one place it is produce is in the adrenal glands as part of the body's response to stress. among its effects is increased heart rate.
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norepinephrine
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also called noradrenaline, it is one of the stress hormones released by the adrenal glands and has no effects on heart rate and other "fight or flight" responses in the body. Also functions as a neurotransmitter.
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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
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The system involved in the body's physical response to stress. When a person experiences or anticipates stress the amygdala detects the danger and informs the hypothalamus, which communicated the danger to the pituitary gland, which responds by releasing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood stream. ACTH causes the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol, which travel back to the brain and prepare the body to resist the stressor.
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corticotropin releasing factors (CRF)
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a hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to realease adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (precursor to ACTH)
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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A hormone, released in the bloodstream during the body's response to stress, which prompts the adrenal glands to release "stress hormones'
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cortisol
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a hormone released during the body's response to stress that increases blood glucose levels and affects the immune response.
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allostatic load
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the physiological wear and tear on the body that results from ongoing adaptive efforts to maintain stability (homeostasis) in response to stressors
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low birth weight (LBW)
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a new born weight less than 5.5lbs often related to premature birth. Approximately 16% of infants in the US are born with disorders related to prematurity and LBW, the leading cause of death for neonates. Peterm/LBW infants may have chronic medical problem such as respiratory infections, delays in achievement of developmental milestones, behavioral problems, feeding problems, low IQ or learning problems.
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What is Gender Identity?
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awareness of our own gender assignment and understanding of its meaning, illustrates some elements in the progress of gender identity for young children, although unfortunately most kids do no associate negative feelings with the process but seem wholeheartedly accept their status
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What is the first step in the process of gender identify
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learning to categorize ones-self as male or female.
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By what year can children make perceptual distinctions between sexes
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late in their first year
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late in their first year babies can distinguish?
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pictures of men from pictures of woman, and they can distinguish the voices of men from those of woman.
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By what age do most children label themselves correctly and identify others who fit into the same category as they do themselves
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2 1/2 to 3 they begin to label themselves girl or boy.
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What is the second step in the process of identity formation
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gender stability
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What is gender stability?
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that over time one's gender category stays the same: boys grow into men, girls grow into woman.
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What is the third step in the process of identity formation
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gender constancy
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gender constancy
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to be able to recognize that gender category membership is permanent, that it could never change, even if one's behavior or appearance were changed to resemble the other gender.
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at what age do children develop gender constancy
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3-4 years of age.
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gender atypical
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children have either ambiguous genitalia or genitalia that are inconsistent with their sex chromosomes.
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
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biological females with two X chromosomes are exposed to high levels of androgens (male hormones) during prenatal and postnatal development. The overproudction of androgens by their own adrenal glands is caused by a defective gene. The upshot is that although CAH females usually have the internal organs of a girl, their external genitalia may be masculinized.
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gender identity can be very difficult to alter after
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2 1/2 to 3 years old
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gender constancy may also be dependent on
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logical thinking skills that emerge as children reach middle childhood.
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what helps children avoid some confusion about gender constancy?
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when children have knowledge of the genial basis of gender assignment they are fortified with information that may help them to avoid the confusion.
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what are crowds
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crowds are larger reputation based groups composed of numerous cliques, that become more important in mid adolescene.
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one is a _______
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Bun (Trust vs. Mistrust) a "rust" colored bun
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two is a _______
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Shoe (Autonomy vs. Shame) an "auto" shoved inside of a shoe. The auto is driven by "shane"
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three is a ________
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Tree (Initiative vs. Guilt) Shia Leboef, or an Inn are sitting in a tree, which is wrapped with a quilt
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4 is a ________
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Dinosaur (Industry vs. Inferiority) picture a dinosaur with dust (in"dust"try) sprinkled all over it. The dinosaur feels inferior because of the dust all over it.
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five is a ________
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Sky dive (Identity vs. Role Confusion) a skydiver's chute doesn't open and he falls on top of a car denting it. He is also very confused after hitting the car.
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six is ________
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Sticks (Intimacy vs. Isolation) picture two sticks in love and one stick all by himself.
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7 is _________
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Kevin (Generativity vs. Stagnation) picture Kevin running a generator and then was killed by a stag male deer (stag)
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eight is plate
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Plate (Integrity vs. Despair) picture grits and a pear on a plate.
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A second step in identity formation in which a child understands that over time one’s gender category stays the same is referred to as ________ and occurs by about ________.
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gender stability; 3 or 4 years old
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regarding the stability of Coie’s sociometric categories is NOT true?
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Those in the neglected and controversial categories tend to maintain their status, but only over short periods of time.
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_________ means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells. It may result in the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes mixed with benign neoplasia/ benign tumor.
_________ is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus. |
Hyperplasia
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_________ is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships. It was developed by psychotherapist Jacob L. Moreno in his studies of the relationship between social structures and psychological well-being.
The term _________ relates to its Latin etymology, socius meaning companion, and metrum meaning measure. |
Sociometry
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_________ is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others. The presence of _________ has been discovered in a vast array of network studies. Within their extensive review paper, sociologists McPherson, Smith-Lovin and Cook (2001) cite over one hundred studies that have observed _________ in some form or another.
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Homophily
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