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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are most blood disorders a result of the a defect in the plasma or the formed elements? |
Formed elements |
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What is the basic reason why there are blood diseases? |
The failure of the myeloid and lymphoid tissues to form blood cells properly |
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Other than the failure of the myeloid and lymphoid tissues to form blood cells properly thus causing blood diseases - what are some other factors that can cause blood diseases? |
Inherited defect Viral infection Nutrient deficiency Cancer |
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If there is a bone marrow failure what procedure can be performed to correct it? |
Bone marrow transplant |
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A procedure that allows the examination of blood tissue to confirm whether the bone marrow will confirm or reject a diagnosis? |
Aspiration biopsy cytology |
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What is the shape of an erythrocyte? |
Biconcave |
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Does red blood cells have a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles? |
No |
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Does red blood cells go through mytosis? Explain. |
No - they are unable to reproduce themselves because they have no nucleus or cytoplasm |
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What is the function of hemoglobin? |
Carry oxygen Buffering the blood |
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What is the chemical property of blood that gives it its color called? |
Hemoglobin |
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Does red blood cells have a mitochondria? Explain why |
No - because mitochondria will burn the oxygen |
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What carries oxygen in the red blood cells? |
Hemoglobin |
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Energy source that’s made from the mitochondria? |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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What is CBC? |
Complete blood cell count |
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What is a complete blood cell count? |
A battery of tests used to measure the amounts or levels of many blood constituents. |
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Red blood cell count ranges from 4.2 to 6.2 million and is generally more in males than females- it is normal to have deviations from the amount, what other factors can change the range? |
Age Level of hydration Altitude of residence |
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Component of the complete blood cell count that provides information on the volume of RBC in the blood is called? |
Hematocrit |
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What is found in the buffy coat? |
White blood cells Platelets |
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The hematocrit test is also called? |
Packed cell volume (PCV) |
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A patient with a low hematocrit of RBC has what condition? |
Anemia |
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A patient with a high blood volume has what condition? |
Polycythemia |
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How many polypeptide chains is hemoglobin made up of? Name them |
Four Two alpha chains and 2 beta chains |
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What is the chemical structure embedded in the folded polypeptide chain? |
Heme |
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What is the function of the iron atom in hemoglobin? |
It allows the heme group to be attached to the oxygen molecules |
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What does the heme group form when it is attaches oxygen to the iron atom? |
Oxyhemoglobin |
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What vitamins needs to be present in the blood to give the red bone marrow enough nutrients to make hemoglobin? |
Vitamin B12 Folate |
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How does the body process the majority (70%) of carbon dioxide? |
By carrying it into the blood and converting it into red blood cells to bicarbonate for its journey to the lungs for excretion |
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State how the body breaks down carbon dioxide? |
10% is dissolved in the plasma 20% produced as waste product of cellular metabolism to the lungs for disposal to the external environment 70% is converted in RBC to bicarbonate and sent to the lungs for excretion |
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What do you call a normal size red blood cells? What do you call an abnormally sized RBC and a large RBC? |
Normocytic Microcytes Macrocytes |
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Red blood cells with normal amounts of red pigment hemoglobin are called? |
Normochromic RBC |
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What do you call red blood cells with deficient hemoglobin and what do you call RBC with excess hemoglobin? |
Hypocromic RBC Hyperchromic RBC |
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What is macrocytic hyperchromic RBC? |
Large red blood cells that have an excessive amount of hemoglobin |
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State how can a macrocytic hyperchromic Red blood cell is an example of a negative feedback response that helps homeostasis? |
Because the body is unable to produce adequate numbers of RBC with normal levels of hemoglobin in each cell to replace those lost by hemorrhage, the body increases the size and amount of hemoglobin in those cells it can produce to help restore and maintain the oxygen carrying capacity in the blood |
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What are the two systems used to classify blood types? |
ABO system RH system |
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What is an antigen? |
A substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies |
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Are antigens produced by the body? |
They are not the body’s own protein. |
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How does the body get antigens ? |
Infection Transfusion |
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What is an antibody? |
A substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen |
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Another name for “clumping?” |
Agglutinate |
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Name the blood types in the ABO system? |
Type A Type B Type AB Type O |
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What antibody is found in type A blood? What antibody is found in type B blood? |
Type A has B antibodies (anti B antibodies) Type B has A antibodies (anti A antibodies) |
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In the ABO blood type are antibodies created naturally or by external proteins? |
ABO blood type antigens are created naturally at birth |
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Are antigens found in the red blood cell or in the blood plasma? |
Red blood cells |
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Are antibodies found in the RBC or in plasma? |
Blood plasma |
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Which ABO blood type can get blood from all the other blood types? Explain why |
AB - because it has AB antigen in the RBC and no antibodies therefore it can take every blood group antibodies |
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Which blood type cannot take blood from the other blood type but can only take blood from his type? Explain why |
O - because it has no antigens to take other blood types |
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What blood types can A type take? |
A and O |
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What blood can type B take? |
B and O |
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Explain why type A cannot take blood from type B and vice versa? |
Type A antigen has a anti B antibody- if it takes B blood the B antibodies will fight the A antigen Type B antigen has A antibodies- if it takes A blood the A antibodies will fight the B antigen |
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Which blood type has no antigen? |
O |
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Which blood type has no antibodies? |
AB |
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Which blood type is the universal donor? |
Type O negative |
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Which blood type is the universal receiver? |
Type AB positive |
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Why is RH used to determine that blood type? |
The blood type was first found on a Rhesus monkey |
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Which RH blood the RBC has no antigens? |
Rh negative |
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Does plasma naturally have RH antibodies? |
No - it’s not naturally given |
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What will happen to a mother who is RH negative if she has a baby and the father is RH positive? |
The high chance of the baby becoming RH positive- if the baby is RH positive, the RH negative mother will acquire RH positive antibodies at the point of giving birth which will create antibodies to attack any other invasions of RH negative RBC |
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What will happen to the fetus if the RH negative mother was prior exposed to RH positive blood from her first born? |
The antibody created by the first baby will attack the second baby killing its red blood cells. |
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What condition can a RH positive baby born with if in utero the RH negative mother has antibodies that attacks the baby’s red blood cells? |
Hemolytic anemia aka erythroblastosis fetalis |
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What drug is given to a RH negative pregnant mother that has a RH positive fetus? |
An immunoglobulin serum called RhoGam |
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How does RhoGam helps the Rh negative mother and the RH positive offspring? |
It stops the mother from forming anti Rh antibodies which prevents the POSSIBILITY of harming the baby |
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Name the red blood cell disorder? |
Polycythemia Anemia |
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Name the different types of anemia |
Hemorrhagic anemia Aplastic anemia Deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia Folate anemia Iron deficiency anemia Hemolytic anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia |
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Name the iron deficiency anemias? |
Pernicious Folate Iron |
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What is polycythemia? |
Dramatic increase in red blood cell numbers |
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What effect does polycythemia have on the blood? |
Makes the blood viscous/thick causing the blood to move slowly |
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Resistance of blood flow is called? |
Viscosity |
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Another word for stretching? |
Distention |
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If your blood is viscous what can conditions can occur? |
High blood pressure - more pressure is needed to move thick blood Viscosity can cause blood clots Hemorrhage Distention |
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What percentage of blood is normal and what percentage is abnormal? |
45% - normal 60% - abnormal |
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How do you treat polycythemia? |
Blood removal - bleeding Irradiation of the bone marrow Chemotherapy to suppress RBC production |
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What causes anemia? |
Low blood Low oxygen |
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Name some symptoms of anemia? |
Tired all the time/fatigued Weakness Skin paleness Headache Faintness |
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Why does your heart beat fast when you’re anemic? |
It tries to overcompensate for the low levels of blood/oxygen to push the body to return to homeostasis |
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Which anemia is caused by the decrease in number of red blood cells? |
Hemorrhagic anemia |
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In the attempt to restore homeostasis in hemorrhagic anemia how does the small amount of red blood cells make up for the blood loss? |
They become Macrocytic and hyperchromic Ie. The cells become large and there is more pigment |
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Which type of anemia is characterized by having a destruction of the bone marrow? |
Aplastic anemia |
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What cause deficiency anemia? |
Low B12 or iron |
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What is the normal hemoglobin range? |
12-14 grams per 100 ml |
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How can a person have pernicious anemia? |
Failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factors. |
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What are intrinsic factors? |
The substance that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed |
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What are the symptoms of pernicious anemia? |
Numbness Tingling Burning hands and feet |
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White blood cells are also called? |
Leukocytes |
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True or false White blood cells have no nucleus? |
False - they have a nucleus |
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How is white blood cells categorized? |
Presence or absence of stained granules in their cytoplasm (granular/Agranular) |
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Name the white blood cells granulocytes? |
Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils |
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Name the white blood cells Agranulocytes? |
Lymphocytes Monocytes |
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What term is used to describe an abnormally low white blood cell? |
Leukopenia (less than 5,000 wbc/mm3 of blood) |
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What term is used to describe the abnormally high white blood cell count? |
Leukocytosis (more than 10,000 wbc/mm3 of blood) |
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A special type of white blood cell count that reveals more information than a complete cell blood count? |
Differential white blood cell count |
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The most numerous of active white blood cells are called? |
Neutrophils aka phagocytes |
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What is the process of cells engulfing microorganisms in their cell bodies called? |
Phagocytosis |
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Name the weak phagocytes? |
Eosinophils |
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What is the most important function of eosinophils? |
Protection against parasitic infections |
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Basophils secretes a hormone called? |
Histamine |
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Histamine is secreted in the body when this happens? |
Inflammation |
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A potent anticoagulant produced by basophils? |
Heparin |
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What is heparin used for? |
Helps prevent the blood from clotting |
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Name the largest leukocytes? |
Monocytes |
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What are macrophages? |
Monocytes that has grown several times their original size after migrating from the blood cell |
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This leukocytes helps to fight infections thus making our bodies immune to infectious diseases? |
Lymphocytes |
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Which lymphocytes secrete hormones? |
B lymphocytes |
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Active B lymphocytes are called? |
Plasma cells |
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Name the secretion formed from B lymphocytes? |
Antibodies |
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Cancers are also called? |
Neoplasms |
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Name the two types of white blood cells diseases? |
Lymphoid neoplasms Myeloid neoplasms |
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The most common and most deadly form of blood cancers? |
Multiply myeloma |
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What age group of people are susceptible to multiple myeloma? |
Older than 65 years old |
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What cause multiple myeloma? |
Mature antibody-secreting B lymphocytes called plasma cells that impairs the bone marrow function |
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State the effect that multiple myeloma have on the skeletal system? |
Fractures of the bone in the skull and vertebrae Destruction of the bone |
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What are the treatments for multiple myeloma? |
Chemotherapy Marrow and stem cell transplantation |
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The term used to describe a number of white blood cells cancer? |
Leukemia |
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Name the four types of leukemia? |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia |
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Leukemia found in children 3-7 years old? |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia |
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What happens in the bone marrow of a child with leukemia? |
Cancer cells overcrowd the other bone marrow cells and decrease RBC causing anemia |
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Leukemia found in adults 65 years and older, is more often in men than women? |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
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What causes chronic myeloid leukemia? |
Cancers transformation of granulocytic (basophils eosinophils and neutrophils) precursors in the bone marrow |
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What age group tends to have chronic myeloid leukemia? |
25-60 |
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What’s the kissing disease? |
Infectious mononucleosis |
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Infectious mononucleosis is usually caused by this virus? |
Epstein-Barr Virus |
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Another word for clotting? |
Coagulation |
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Which is smaller, red blood cells or platelets? |
Platelets |
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The process of how we stop bleeding when an injury occurs is called? |
Hemostasis |
