A+P Chapter 15: Blood

Front 1

Characteristics of Blood

Back 1

-Connective tissue
-Adult has 4-6L of blood
-pH 7.35-7.45
-Composed of plasma and blood cells
-made in hematopoietic tissue (in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue)

Front 2

Plasma

Back 2

-pale yellow
-composed mostly of water
-also has proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste

Front 3

Albumin

Back 3

-a plasma protein that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby, "holding" water within the blood vessels

Front 4

Serum

Back 4

-plasma minus the clotting proteins

Front 5

Blood Cells Include...

Back 5

-RBC or erythrocytes: primarily involved in the transport of O2
-WBC or leukocytes: protect the body from infection
-Platelets or thrombocytes: protect the body from bleeding

Front 6

Hematocrit

Back 6

-the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood
-normal=45% blood cells and 55% plasma
-spin blood in a test tube and plasma rises to the top, buffy coat (WBC's) and then RBC's on the bottom
- a low hematocrit= lower than normal RBC's

Front 7

hematopoiesis

Back 7

-blood cell production
-in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
-the three types of blood cells are produced from stem cells

Front 8

myelosuppression

Back 8

-bone marrow depression
-could lead to anemia, leukopenia, or thromboocytopinia

Front 9

reticulocyte

Back 9

-"ritics"
-immature RBC
-normal range in blood 0.05%-1.15%
-high reticulocyte count may indicate blood loss or another form of iron deficiency

Front 10

RBC production

Back 10

-low O2 in blood, kidneys secrete erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to release RBC's into circulation

Front 11

3 clinical thought about EPO

Back 11

-a person who is chronically hypoxic (emphysema) has an excess of EPO secretion which leads to polycythemia (excessRBC)
-pt's with bone marrow depression may be givin EPO as a drug, athletes also abuse EPO to deliver more O2 to muscles
-Pt's with declining kidney function do not produce enoughEPO which can lead to a type of anemia called anemia of chronic renal failure

Front 12

breakdown of RBC's

Back 12

-RBC life span is 120 days
-mature RBC's have no nucleus and cannot reproduce
-eventually RBC's get misshapen, ragged and worn out
- mAcrophages that line the spleen and liver detect and remove them from citculation by phagocytosis

Front 13

WBC's

Back 13

--Aka: leukocytes
-Lack hemoglobin
-Less numerous than RBC's
-Protect body by destroying pathogens and remove dead tissue and cellular debris
-Can leave blood vessels
-WBC's increase with infection

Front 14

Types of WBC's

Back 14

-Granulocytes:1. Neutrophils, 2. Eosinophils, 3. Basophils
-Agranulocytes: 1. Lymphocytes, 2. Monocytes

Front 15

Neutrophils

Back 15

-Most common granulocyte (55%-70% of total WBC's)
-Most important role is phagocytosis

Front 16

"Shift to the Left"

Back 16

-A rapid production of neutrophils and inadequate time for the cells to mature. Therefore, a greater portion of the neutrophils are immature.

Front 17

Basophils

Back 17

-Make up less than 1% of the WBC's
-Plays a part in the inflammatory response mainly by histamine
-Also release heparin (because basophils are found in abundance in areas with large amounts of blood (heart, liver...) it is thought to reduce the formation of blood clots)

Front 18

Eosinophils

Back 18

-Make up 1-3% of WBC's
-Involved in the inflammatory response
-secrete chemicals that destroy certain paracites
-engage in phagocytosis
-elevated in pt's with parasitic infection or allergic reaction

Front 19

Leukocytes

Back 19

-Make up 25-38% of the WBC's
-Involved with immunity
-Produced in red bone marrow

Front 20

Monocytes

Back 20

-Make up 3-8% of WBC's
-Phagocutosis
-Can change into macrophages

Front 21

WBC's pneumonic

Back 21

-Naughty Little Monkeys Eat Bananas says GRANpa

Front 22

Hemostasis

Back 22

-The process that stops bleeding
-Three steps
-1.Blood vessel spasm, 2. formation of platelet plug, 3. blood clotting

Front 23

Blood Vessel Spasm

Back 23

-Smooth muscle in blood vessel wall respond by contracting
-Decreases diameter of blood vessel which decreases the amount of blood that flows through the vessel

Front 24

Formation of a Platelet Plug

Back 24

-Inner lining of the vessel activates the platelets
-Platelets adhere to the lining of the injured vessel and each other
-Platelets also release chemicals that further stimulate vascular spasms and activate the blood-clottting factors
-Stress increases stickiness of platelets

Front 25

Aspirin and Bleeding

Back 25

-Aspirin slows vascular spasms
-Exerts an antiplatelet effect

Front 26

Blood Clotting

Back 26

-Formation of a netlike structure composed of fibrin (protein fibers)
-Large particles such as RBC's and platelets become trapped in the net
-Eventually the blood clot seals off the opening and stops the bleeding

Front 27

3 Stages of Blood Coagulation

Back 27

-1.Injury activates various clotting factors and when activated they produce prothrombin activator (PTA)
-2. In the presence of calcium, platelets chemicals and PT prothrombin is activated to form thrombin
--3. Thrombin activates fibrinogen (which form fibers or the net)

Front 28

Thrombus

Back 28

--Blood clot

Front 29

Embolus

Back 29

-Traveling blood clot

Front 30

Vitamin K and Coumadin

Back 30

-Coumadin works by blocking the utilization of vitamin K in the hepatic synthesis of prothrombin (step 2). Because spinach contains a lot of vitamin K, it reduces the effectiveness of Coumadin

Front 31

Clot Retraction

Back 31

-After the clot forms, it becomes smaller as water is squeezed out
-As the clot retracts, the edges of the injured blood vessels are also pulled together

Front 32

Fibrinolysis

Back 32

-The process by which a clot is dissolved by plasmin (formed from its inactive form, plasminogen)
-Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activates plasminogen

Front 33

Blood Type A
-Percent of Population
-Antigen
-Antibody
-Can Receive Blood From
-Can Donate To

Back 33

-40%
-A antigen
-Anti-B antibodies
-A, O
-A, AB

Front 34

Blood Type B
-Antigen
-Antibody
-Can Receive Blood From
-Can Donate To

Back 34

-10%
-B antigen
-Anti-Aantibodies
-B,O
-B,AB

Front 35

Blood Type AB
-Antigen
-Antibody
-Can Receive Blood From
-Can Donate To

Back 35

-4%
-A and B antigen
-No antibodies
-A, B, AB, O
-AB

Front 36

Blood Type O
-Antigen
-Antibody
-Can Receive Blood From
-Can Donate To

Back 36

-46%
-No antigen
-Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
-O
-O, A, B, AB

Front 37

Universal Donor

Back 37

-O

Front 38

Universal Recipient

Back 38

-AB