A&p Chapter 17 Blood

Front 1

Antibody

Back 1

substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body

Front 2

Antigen

Back 2

substance, usually a protein fragment, that causes an immune response

Front 3

Basophil

Back 3

white blood cell that stains readily with basic (alkaline) dyes

Front 4

Eosinophil

Back 4

white blood cell, readily stained by eosin (a pinkish acid dye)

Front 5

Neutrophil

Back 5

white blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes

Front 6

Diapedesis

Back 6

passage of any formed elements within blood through the vessel wall, as in movement of white cells into an area of injury and infection

Front 7

Erythrocyte

Back 7

Red blood cell

Front 8

Erythropoiesis

Back 8

process of red blood cell formation

Front 9

Formed Elements

Back 9

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in blood

Front 10

Hemoglobin

Back 10

iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for their oxygen-carrying capacity

Front 11

Leukocyte

Back 11

White blood cell

Front 12

Monocyte

Back 12

large white blood cell; an agranular leukocyte

Front 13

Plasma

Back 13

liquid part of the blood

Front 14

Platelet

Back 14

specialized cell fragments in the blood; thrombocyte; important component in the clotting mechanism

Front 15

Red Blood Cell (RBC)

Back 15

The mature erythrocyte is also unique in that it does not contain ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of most body cells. Instead, the primary component of each RBC is the red pigment, hemoglobin

Front 16

White Bood Cell (WBC)

Back 16

There are five types of white blood cells, or leukocytes, classified according to the presence or absence of granules and the staining characteristics of their cytoplasm

Front 17

Name the fluid portion of whole blood.

Back 17

Plasma

Front 18

Identify what constitutes the formed elements of blood?

Back 18

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Front 19

What factors influence blood volume?

Back 19

Gender, age, body composition, and method of measurement

Front 20

Identify the component percentages of the normal hematocrit

Back 20

Plasma 55%, packed cell volume (hematocrit) 45%.

Front 21

Name the red pigment found in RBCs, and list the normal range (in grams per 100 ml of blood) for women and men

Back 21

Hemoglobin. Men: 5,500,000 per cubic millimeter. Women: 4,800,000 per cubic millimeter

Front 22

Trace the formation of an erythrocyte from stem cell precursor to a mature and circulating RBC.

Back 22

Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in the red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as hematopoietic stem cells. In red blood cells, differentiation begins with the appearance of proerythroblasts. Mitotic divisions then produce basophilic erythroblasts. The next maturation division produces polychromatic erythroblasts, which produce hemoglobin. These cells subsequently lose their nuclei and become reticulocytes. Once released in the circulating blood, reticulocytes become mature erythrocytes in about 24 to 36 hours

Front 23

Explain the negative feedback loop that controls erythropoiesis.

Back 23

The rate of RBC production soon speeds up if blood oxygen levels reaching the tissues decrease. Oxygen deficiency increases RBC numbers by increasing the secretion of a glycoprotein hormone called erythropoietin. If oxygen levels decrease, the kidneys release increasing amounts of erythropoietin, which in turns stimulates bone marrow to accelerate its production of RBCs. With increasing numbers of RBCs, oxygen delivery to tissue increases, less erythropoietin is produced and is available to stimulate RBC production in the red bone marrow

Front 24

Discuss the destruction of RBCs

Back 24

As RBCs age and fragment the macrophages in the liver and spleen ingest and destroy the old cells. The process results in the breakdown of hemoglobin with the release of amino acids, iron, and the pigment bilirubin. Iron is returned to the bone marrow, bilirubin is transported to the liver, and amino acids are released from the globin and used by the body for energy or for synthesis of new proteins

Front 25

List the granulocytic and agranulocytic leukocytes

Back 25

Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 26

List the normal percentages of the different WBCs in a differential count

Back 26

Neutrophils: 65-75. Eosinophils: 2-5. Basophils: .5-1. Lymphocytes: 20-25: Monocytes: 3-8

Front 27

List the four ABO blood groups, and identify the antigens and antibodies (if any) associated with each

Back 27

Type A: A antigen, anti-B antibody. Type B: B antigen, anti-A antibody. Type AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies. Type O: no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Front 28

Identify the two basic coagulation steps.

Back 28

Extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway.

Front 29

What is anemia

Back 29

characterized by a reduced hematocrit value

Front 30

There are 5 types of WBC or leukocytes

Back 30

Netrophils, Eosinopils, Basophils, and these are determined by that they are have large granules in their cytoplasm

Front 31

There are 5 types of WBC or leukocytes

Back 31

Lymphocytes and monocytes, and these are agranulocytes (w/o cytoplasmic granules)