Campbell Biology Chapter 9

Front 1

Fermentation

Back 1

A partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen. ethyl alcohol & lactic acid are two substances that result from fermentation

Front 2

Cellular Respiration

Back 2

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Front 3

Aerobic Respiration

Back 3

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP

Front 4

Redox Reaction

Back 4

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another;

Front 5

Oxidation

Back 5

The loss of electrons from one substance in a Redox Rxn

Front 6

Reduction

Back 6

The addition of electrons to another substance in a Redox Rxn

Front 7

Reducing Agent

Back 7

The substance donating an electron

Front 8

Oxidizing Agent

Back 8

The substance accepting an electron

Front 9

Electron transport chain

Back 9

A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Hint 9

e- carrier molecules = membrane proteins

Front 10

Glycolysis

Back 10

A series of rxns that break up glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate

Front 11

Citric Acid Cylce

Back 11

A chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide

Hint 11

involves 8 steps

Front 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 12

A mode of ATP synthesis powered by the redox rxns of the electron transport chain

Front 13

Acetyl CoA

Back 13

the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Front 14

cytochromes

Back 14

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of cells

Front 15

ATP Synthase

Back 15

A protein complex along the inner memebrane of a mitochondrion, that is responsible for making ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Front 16

Chemiosmosis

Back 16

A process that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP.

Front 17

Proton-motive force

Back 17

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Front 18

Alcohol Fermentation

Back 18

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

Front 19

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 19

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.

Front 20

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 20

An organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen (may be poisoned)

Front 21

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 21

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present

Front 22

beta oxidation

Back 22

a metabolic sequence that breaks down fatty acids into 2-carbon fragments, which then enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA