Campbell Biology Chapter 40

Front 1

circulatory fluid

Back 1

blood or hemolymph

Front 2

tissues

Back 2

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

Front 3

4 types of animal tissue

Back 3

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscle tissue

Front 4

epithelial tissue Lines

Back 4

Cover the body
Gastro intesanal track
Respiratory track
Urinary track
Lumen - is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

Plura - membranes surrounds the lungs

Pericardium - Surrounds the Heart

Perineum - Surrounds the Gut

Exocrine glands - Ducts (sweat glands)

Endocrine - Internally secretes to the body

Front 5

what are the 6 types of epithelial tissue

Back 5

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Stratified columnar
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Simple squamous
Cuboidal

Front 6

pseudostratisfied layer epithelial tissue
look , function and location

Back 6

A single layer of cells that vary in height (looks like more than one layer)

for beating Cilia move mucus along surface and found in the nasal passage and trachea and the bronchi

Front 7

simple columnar epithelium tissue
look , function and location

Back 7

One layer of epithelial tissue

Looks like a large columnsFor lining, secrete digestive juices and absorbs nutrients and found in the intestines and stomachcommon in the body

Front 8

simple squamous epithelium tissue
look , function and location

Back 8

Exchange of material by diffusion (thin and leaky) and found in blood vessels alveoli of the lung

Front 9

stratified columnar epithelium tissue
function and location

Back 9

Lining and found in the urethra (urinary bladder)
Rare in the body

Front 10

stratified squamous epithelium
look , function and location

Back 10

Looks like a block of stacked tiles on the floor
for multiple layer epithelial tissue for rapid regeneration cells and found on surface subject to abrasion (outer skin)

*If it is in the surface it is karotanize if in the vagina, inside cheek (anywhere for ware and tare)

Front 11

basal surface of epithelial cells
and apical surface

Back 11

Basal surface is at the bottom of the cell layer and apical is at the top

Front 12

cuboidal epithelium tissue
look , function and location

Back 12

Looks like a cube

Nucleus right in the centerfor secretion and found in the Kidney tubules and glands (thyroid and salivary glands)

Front 13

classification of lining of the surface Epithelial Tissue (How are they named

Back 13

By the number of cell layers (top layer) and shape
Certain types of epithelia have things attach to it such as Cilla or Carotin

Front 14

where is epithelial Tissue found and function

Back 14

Tissues that cover the internal and external surfaces of the body. The cells of which are held together with specialized structures such as tight junctions. (tightly packed)

They are for protection and prevent fluid loss

Front 15

connective tissue aka supportive tissue

Back 15

Connective tissue is a supportive tissue consisting of a relatively few cells scattered among a great deal of extracellular material (matrix),
They do all kinds of things

Front 16

connective tissue are found in (includes)

Back 16

adipose tissue (fat),
bone,
cartilage,
the dermis of the skin (under the epithelium),
tendons,
ligaments,
and blood (non fluid part).

Front 17

fibrous connective tissue function

Back 17

Attach muscles to bone (tendon); join bones together at joints (ligament)

Front 18

dense connective tissue

Back 18

when the cologen fibers are tightly packed together

Front 19

fibroblasts

Back 19

Secrete fibers that are made out of proteins
connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin

Front 20

collagenous fibers

Back 20

Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen

Front 21

reticular fibers

Back 21

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Front 22

elastic fibers

Back 22

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

Front 23

loose connective tissue
Cell type and function

Back 23

There are more space between the cell and the fiber
The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place.

Cell type: Fibroblast Macrophagefunction: Secrete protein of extracellular fibers, Cleanup and defense

Front 24

What are the 6 connective tissue type

Back 24

Adipose
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
Loose connective
Fibrous connective

Front 25

Fibrous connective tissue

Back 25

A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments.

Front 26

bone

Back 26

rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
cell type: Osteoblast
function: Body support (of most vertebrates)

Front 27

adipose tissue

Back 27

a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy
adipose cell type

Front 28

cartilage

Back 28

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
Cell type: Chondrocytes
Function: Secrete collagen, strong/flexible support

Front 29

Blood

Back 29

Cell type: White blood cells, Red blood cells Platelets
Function: Immunity, Gas transport, Blood clotting

Front 30

Muscle tissue

Back 30

Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.

Front 31

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Back 31

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Front 32

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 32

Function: Voluntary movements of the body and found Throughout the body, especially associated with limbs
(striated)
Nuclei are the edge of the cell

Front 33

Smooth muscle

Back 33

For: Involuntary body actions and found In walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries)

Front 34

Cardiac muscle

Back 34

Heart contraction and found in the heart
not so striated

Front 35

Muscle tissue structure and function

Back 35

Long contractile cells
Movement which accounts for much of the energy-consuming work in an active animal

Front 36

nervous tissue

Back 36

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Front 37

neurons

Back 37

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

Front 38

Glia

Back 38

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning

Front 39

Hormones

Back 39

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Front 40

homeostasis

Back 40

*Keeps the internal environment stable
metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

Front 41

set point

Back 41

tells what a particular value should be

Front 42

negative feedback

Back 42

A system that maintain a constant level and if it goes to low or too high, it works the opposite way to bring it back towards the set point
*defends the set point
*a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Front 43

positive feedback

Back 43

amplifies the response away the set point
exp: woman to going to labor, blood clotting or the increase rise in vital signs during fight or flight response

A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

Front 44

circadian rythm

Back 44

the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of tempeture and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

Front 45

acclimatization

Back 45

adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)

Front 46

thermoregulation

Back 46

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

Front 47

integumentary system

Back 47

organ system that includes hair, skin, and nails and protects the body from pathogens and maintains homeostasis

Front 48

conduction

Back 48

the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching

Front 49

convection

Back 49

the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or air past a surface. ("wind-chill factor") Exp: Fan on a hot day

Front 50

countercurrent heat exchange

Back 50

*the mixing of the cold blood with the warm blood.
Exp: a dolphin's fin is thin and does not have much fat on it because they need to be light to swim fast, so when swimming in a cold water ocean, the blood from it's fins are cold but when it it's flowing back to the core system of the dolphin, it's mixed with the warm blood, so overall, the cold blood coming back into the system is not as cold

Front 51

acclimatization

Back 51

Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

Front 52

bioenergetics

Back 52

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

Front 53

metabolic rate

Back 53

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Front 54

basal metabolic rate

Back 54

when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

Front 55

Standard metabolic rate

Back 55

The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm.

Front 56

torpor

Back 56

a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility

Front 57

Hibernation

Back 57

the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter

Front 58

digestive system

Back 58

*main components: mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
*main functions: food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

Front 59

circulatory system

Back 59

*main components: heart, blood vessels, blood
*main functions: internal distribution of minerals

Front 60

respiratory system

Back 60

*main components: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
*main functions: gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)

Front 61

immune and lymphatic system

Back 61

*main components: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
*main functions: body defense (fighting infections of diseases)

Front 62

excretory system

Back 62

*main components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
*main functions: disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Front 63

endocrine system

Back 63

*main components: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands
*main functions: coordination of body activities (digestion and metabolism)

Front 64

reproductive system

Back 64

main components: ovaries and testes and associated organs
main functions: reproduction

Front 65

nervous system

Back 65

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
coordination of body activites; detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them

Front 66

integumentary system

Back 66

skin and its derivatives (hair, skin, claws)protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulations, skin)

Front 67

skeletal system

Back 67

skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) body support, protection of internal organs, movement

Front 68

muscular system

Back 68

skeletal muscles
locomotion and other movement

Front 69

Rate of exchange (how fast it's coming across) is proportional to

Back 69

to a cell's surface area

Front 70

amount of exchange material is proportional to

Back 70

a cell's volume (How thick it is)

Front 71

Intracellular fluid

Back 71

the fluid inside of the cell Makes up about 2/3 of the total body fluid

Front 72

Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) fluid

Back 72

The fluid of the outside of the cells (bathe the cell)
main component of the extracellular fluid

Front 73

plasma fluid

Back 73

the fluid part of the blood

Front 74

extracellular fluid fluid

Back 74

Interstitial fluid and the plasma and the plasma

Front 75

our internal environment consist of/is

Back 75

the extracellular fluid (interstitial and plasma combined)

Front 76

homeostasis is regulated by

Back 76

the nervous system (set point previously coded genes)

Front 77

changing an organisms temperature changes

Back 77

the organism's metabolism (rate of reaction) / enzymes

Front 78

Ectotherm

Back 78

gain most of their heat from external sources

Front 79

Endotherm

Back 79

bodies warmed by heat generated via metabolism (internal)

Front 80

Poikilotherm

Back 80

body temperature varies with its environment (most of them are Ectotherm because usually the environmental temperature are similar to it's own body temp)

Front 81

Homeotherm

Back 81

has a relatively constant body temperature

Front 82

radiation

Back 82

(the sun) emission of EM (electromagnetic) waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero

Front 83

Vasodilation blood flow

Back 83

dilate (gets bigger)

Increases flow of blood to skin and transfer of body heat to the environment

Front 84

Vasoconstriction blood flow

Back 84

Constrict (gets tighter/smaller)

Decreases flow of blood to skin and body heat is conserved