Campbell Biology Chapter 8

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

The totality of an organism's chemical reactions which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.

Hint 1

consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Front 2

Catabolic Pathways

Back 2

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules.

Hint 2

"Release"

Front 3

Anabolic Pathways

Back 3

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules.

Hint 3

"consume"

Front 4

Kinetic & Potential Energy

Back 4

The two major forms of energy

Front 5

Kinetic Energy

Back 5

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects

Front 6

Thermal Energy

Back 6

The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Hint 6

relative to kinetic energy

Front 7

Heat

Back 7

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.

Hint 7

transfer

Front 8

Potential Energy

Back 8

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).

Hint 8

location

Front 9

Chemical Energy

Back 9

The Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction

Hint 9

a form of potential energy

Front 10

Thermodynamics

Back 10

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. 

Front 11

First law of thermodynamics

Back 11

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, mearly transferred; The amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Front 12

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 12

The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Front 13

Entropy

Back 13

A measure of the disorder or randomness

(the entropy of the universe is increasing)

Front 14

Spontaneous Process

Back 14

A process that occurs without an overall input of energy

Hint 14

helps conserve energy

Front 15

Free Energy

Back 15

The portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. 

Hint 15

 ΔG = ΔH − TΔS

the conditions in a living cell

Front 16

Exergonic Reaction

Back 16

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

Hint 16

Release

Front 17

Endergonic Reactions

Back 17

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

Hint 17

absorb

Front 18

energy coupling

Back 18

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Hint 18

occurs in cellular metabolism

Front 19

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 19

An adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. used to drive endergonic reactions in the cell.

Front 20

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Back 20

A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule

Front 21

Enzyme

Back 21

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 22

Activation Energy

Back 22

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

Hint 22

also called free energy of activation

Front 23

Subtrate

Back 23

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Front 24

enzyme- subtrate complex

Back 24

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)

Front 25

Active Site

Back 25

The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.

Front 26

Cofactors

Back 26

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme

Front 27

Competitive Inhibitors

Back 27

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate

Hint 27

blocks enzymes

Front 28

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Back 28

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site and changing the enzyme’s shape. The active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

Hint 28

alters shape

Front 29

Allosteric Regulation

Back 29

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

Front 30

Cooperativity

Back 30

Allosteric regulation where a shape change in one subunit of a protein is caused by substrate binding. It's then transmitted to all the other subunits, helping additional substrate molecules bind to those subunits

Front 31

Feedback Inhibition

Back 31

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.