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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Elements
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substances that cannot be broken down into simpler sunstances by chemical means
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Although there are 92 natural elements, 96% of the mass of all organisms is made up of just 4 of them:
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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Definition of Trace Elements
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only required by an organism in very small quantities
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Definition of Atom
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the smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties; the building blocks of the physical world
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Definition of Isotopes
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atoms have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus
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Definition of Ionic Bond
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a bond is formed between 2 atoms when 1 or more electrons are transferred from 1 atom to the other
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Definition of Chemical Bond
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a bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
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Definition of Hydrogen Bond
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a weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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The 4 unique properties of water are:
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-Water is polar and can dissolve other polar substances
-Water has cohesive and adhesive properties -Water has a high heat capacity -Water has a high surface tension |
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A solution is acidic if it contains...
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a lot of hydrogen ions (H+). That is, if you dissolve an acid in water, it will release a lot of hydrogen ions
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Bases do not...
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release hydrogen ions when added to water. They release a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-).
These solutions are called alkaline. |
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What are the two trends in the Acid Test
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-An increase in H+ ions causes a decrease in the pH
-a change in one pH number = a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration |
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What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds:
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organic compounds contain carbon atoms and inorganic do not
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Definition of Carbohydrates
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organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Carbohydrates are categorized as
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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Definition of Monosaccharides
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the simplest sugars, serve as an energy source for cells;
the 2 most common sugars are (1) glucose and (2) fructose |
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Definition of Disaccharides
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formed from dehydration synthesis of 2 monosaccharide, liked by a glycosdic bond
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Definiton of Dehydration Synthesis
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when a water molecule is removed from two sugars, causing them to become chemically linked; opposite is hydrolysis
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Definition of Polysaccharides
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made up of many repeated units of monosaccharides; most common are starch cellulose, and glycogen
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Defintion of Amino Acids
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organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of protein
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Every amino acid has 4 important parts:
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an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen, and an R group
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Defintion of Functional group
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the distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of
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What is the bond between two amino acids called
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peptide bond
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The most common examples of lipids are...
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fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
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A typical fat consists of...
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three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol; also called triglyceride
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Defintion of Ester Linkage
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The linkage that forms from the dehydration synthesis of the carboxyl groups of the three fatty acids and one of the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule
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Defintion of Phospholipids
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contains two fatty acid, hydrophobic "tails" and one negatively charged phosphate, hydrophillic "head"
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Defintion of Nucleic Acids
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contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; made up of simple units called nucleotides
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A particular polypeptide contains 90 amino acids. When the polypeptide is completely hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are formed during this process?
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89
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