Ch. 23 Biology

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three of the principal organs fo seed plants

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roots, stems, and leaves

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plants consist of 3 main tissue systens:

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dermal, vascular, and grouns

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the outer covering of apltn consists of dermal tissue, which typically consists of a single layer of

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epidermal cells

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the thick waxy coating of the epidermal cells is known as the

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cuticle

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some epidermal cells have tiny projections known as

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trichomes

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in roots, dermal tissue includes --- that provide a large amount of surface area and aid in water absorption

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root hair cells

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on the underside of leaves, dermal tissue contains - cells , which regular water loss and gas exchange

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guard

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-- forms a transport system taht moves water and nutrients throughout the plant.

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vascular tissue

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the principal sybsystems in vascular tissue are - and -

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xylem and phloem

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a water-conducting tissue

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xylem

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a food-conducting tissue

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phloem

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vascular tissue contains several types of - cells

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specialized

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- consists of tracheids and vessel elements

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xylem

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consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells

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phloem

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all seed plants have a type of xylem cells called a

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tracheid

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long, narrow cells with walls taht are impermeable to water. these walls are pierced by openings that connect neighboring cells to one another

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tracheids

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when tracheids mature, they die, adn their cytoplasm -

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disintegrates

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angiosperms have another kidn of xylem cell taht is called a

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vessel element

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the main phloem cells are

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sieve tube elements

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- cells are phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements, support the phloem cells, and aid in the movement of substances in and out of the phloem stream

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companion

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the cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues make up the

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ground tissues

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in most plants, ground tissue consists mainly of

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parenchyma

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- cells have thin cell walls and large central vacuoles surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm

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parenchyma

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in leaves, - cells are packed with chloroplasts and are the site of most of a plant's phtosyntehsis

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parenchyma

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ground tissue may also contain - types of cells with thicker cell walls

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two

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- cells have strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants

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collenchyma

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- cells make up the familiar "strings" of a stalk of celery

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collenchyma

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- cells have extremely thick, rigid cell walls that make ground tissue tough and strong

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sclerenchyma

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-- means that they grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live

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indeterminate

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new cells are produced in - , clusters of tissue taht are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime

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meristems

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the new cells produced in - - are undifferentiated- that is, they have not yet become specialized for specific functions, such as transport

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meristematic tissue

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near the end , or tip, of each growing stem and root is an - -

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apical meristem

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an - - is a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots

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apical meristem

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- tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis

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meristematic

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gradualling, the cells originated in meristems develop into mature cells with specialized structures and functions, a process called -

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differentiation

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the highly specialized cells found in flowers, which make up the reproductive systems of flowering plants, are also produced in

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meristems

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there are - main types of roots

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two

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roots which are found mainly in dicots

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taproots

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roots which are mainly foudn in monocots

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fibrous

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- roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest

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fibrous

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outside layer in a mature root

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the epidermis

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central cylinder in a mature root

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vascular tissue

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between the epidermis and the vascular tissue lies a large area of

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ground tissue

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the root's epidermal subsystem performs taht dual functions of

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protection and absorption

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the epidermal surface is covered with tiny cellular projections called

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root hairs

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inside the epidermis is a spongy layer of ground tissue called the

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cortex

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the cortex extends to antoher layer of cells the -

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endodermis

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the endodermis completely encloses the root's vascular subsystem in a region called the

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vascular cylinder

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fragile new cells are covered by a tough - - that protects the root as it forces its way through the soil

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root cap

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- anchor a plant in teh ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil

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roots

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- is a complex mixture of sald, silt, clay, air and bits of decaying animal and plant tissue

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soil

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the cell membranes of root hairs and other cells in the root epidermis contain

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active transport proteins

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these proteins use THIS energy source to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant

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ATP

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the high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells causes water molecules to move into the plant by -

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osmosis

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the movement of water across a membrane toward an area wehre the concentration of dissolved material is higher

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osmosis

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both oxmosis and active transport cause water and minerals to move from the root epidermis into the -

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cortex

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from there, the water and dissolved minerals pass the inner boundary of the cortex and enter the -

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endodermis

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each of these cells is surrounded on four sides by a water proof strip called a

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casparian strip

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root pressure is produced within the - by -

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cylinder by active transport

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root pressure forces water through the vascular cylinder into the -

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xylem

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in general, stems have 3 important function:

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produce leaves, branches and flowers; hold leaves up to the sunlight; transport substances between roots and leaves

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in most plants, stems contain distinct -, where leaves are attatched

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nodes

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regions between the nodees

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internode

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contain underdeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves

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buds

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in - , vascular bundles are scattered thoroughout the stem.

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monocots

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in - , most gymnosperms , vascular bundles are arrange din a cylinder

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dicots

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the stem has a distinct epidermis, which encloses a series of - -

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vascular bundles

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the parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue are known as -, while those outside form the cortex of the stem

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pith

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the method of growth, occurring only at the ends of a plant is called

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primary growth

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primary growth of stems is produced by - in the apical meristem. it takes place in all seed plants

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cell divisions

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the method of growth in which stems increase in width is called

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secondary growth

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in conifers and dicots, secondary growth takes place in lateral meristematic tissues caled - - and - -

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vascular cambium and cork cambium

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the type of lateral meristematic tissue called - - produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems

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vascular cambium

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- - produces the outer covering of stems

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cork cambium

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as woody stems grow thicker, the older xylem near the center of the stem no longer conducts water and instead becomes what is known as -

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heartwood

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- usually darkens with age bc it accumulates impurities that cannot be removed

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heartwood

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heartwood is surrounded by - , which is active in fluid transport and therefore usually lighter in color

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sapwood

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on most trees, - includes all of the tissues outside the vascular cambium

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bark

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the tissues taht make up bark in clude:

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phloem, the cork cambium, and cork

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the structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out

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photosynthesis

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plants keep their - open just enough to alllow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose any excessive amt. of water

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stomata

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epidermal cells found on the undersides of leaves. structurally specialized to control stomata and thus regulate the movement of gases, esp. water vapor, into and out of leaf tissues

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guard cells

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the stomata open and close in response to changes in

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water pressure

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guard cells respond to

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conditions in the environment (ex. wind and temp.)

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stomata open in daytime because

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that's when photosynthesis is active

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-tissue forms a continuous set of tubes that stretch from roots through stems and out into the spongy mesophyll of leaves

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xylem

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the combo of root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provides enough force to move water through - tissue of even the tallest plant

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xylem

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water molecules are attracted to one another by a force called

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cohesion

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bc of cohesion, water molecules have a tendency to form - - with each other

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hydrogen bonds

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attraction between unlike molecules

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adhesion

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the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is called

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capillary action

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idea of phloem transport

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pressure-flow hypothesis

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when nutrients are pumped into or removed frmo the phloem system, the change in concentration causes a movement of fluid in that same direction. as a result, phloem is able to move nutrients in either direction to meet the nutritional needs of the plant

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pressure-flow hypothesis