Bio Psych Midterm 2

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learning

Back 1

the acquisition of new or nodification of existing knowledge, behaviors, and skills, which is impossible without memory

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memory

Back 2

the storage of acquire knowledge or abilities for later recall

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encoding

Back 3

the creation of a very transient record and the received sensory information

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consolidation

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the short term stabilization of memory after its initial acquisition

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storage

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the formation of a long term record of the memory

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retreival

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calling back and updating the stored info in response to some cue for use in a process or activity

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memory can be categorized by

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1. How long it lasts

2. whether it requires conscious effort

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3 types of memory based on how long they last

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very short term: lasts a few seconds to a few minutes

short term: lasts minutes to days

long term: lasts days to decades

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explicit/declarative memory

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requires conscious effort to recall

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implicit memory

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requires no conscioius effort for recall

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neuroanatomy and memory key point

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brain structures associated with explicit memory are different from those of implicit memory

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brains involved with explicit memory

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1. basal forbrain

2. prefrontal cortex

3. medial temporal cortex and hippocampus

4. sensory cortex

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basal forebrain

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involved in attention

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prefrontal cortex

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initial encoding of memories and working memories

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medial temporal cortex and hippocampus

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consolidation and storage of spatial and episodic memory

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sensory cotex

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possibly long term storage of semantic memory

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brain regions involved in implicit memory

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basal ganglia

cerebellum

both recieve inout from frontal/motor cortex tolearn and enable better actions in future

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basal ganglia

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several clusters of neurons located deep in the forebrain

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cerebellum

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"little brain" located off brainstem

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synaptic transmission

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the process by which neurons communicate across the synapse by releasing neurotransmitters which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neyron and induce a post synaptic potential

refers to changes n the strength of communication between neurons

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synaptic plasticity

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a change in the strength of synaptic transmission, or communication across a synapse, resulting in a smaller or larger postsynaptic potential in response to a single action potential on a presynaptic neuron

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mechanisms of synaptic plasticity

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1. changes in strength of transmission at existing synapses

2. changes in number of synaptic connections between neurons

3. changes in the number of neurons and thus synaptic connections between neurons

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mechanisms of synaptic plasticity

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1. may be very short or very long

2. can be increases of decreases

3. may involve changes to existing synapse or may involve adding new synapses

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synaptic plasticity in very short term memory

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change in existing synaptic proteins with result in very short term change in strength of communication of existing synapses

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synaptic plasticity in short term memory

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changes in gene expression that produce longer lasting changes in strength of communication and existing synapses

require change in gene expression

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synaptic plasticity in long term memory

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change in gene expression that results in changes in the NUMBER of synaptic connections due to synaptogenesis or neurogenesis

require change in gene expression

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habituation

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temporary decrease in responsiveneness of a synapse to a repeated stimuli that allows organisms to avoid stimuli that artn't harmful or important

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siphon withdrawal neural circuit

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sensory neurons in skin sense pokes and fire action potentials in response to them and sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons that control contraction of siphon withdrawal muscles

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normal synaptic transmission

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step 1. action potential moves down axon to synapse

step 2. action potential opens voltage gated calcium channel

step 3. calcium influx causes nt vesicle fusion

step 4. nt's bind to receptors on post synaptic cell

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long term potentiation (LTP)

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(a type of short term memory) a longer lasting increase in synaptic transmission and the size of the post synaptic potential requiring new gene expression in response to repeated activation of a synapse

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long term memory key point

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longer term memory involves much larger and longer acting changes in synaptic communication between neurons requiring new gene expression

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2 main ways to increase synaptic number in long term memory

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synaptogenesis and neurogenesis

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synaptogenesis

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new synapse formation and provides greater/stronger input to the post synaptic neuron and change is much longer lasting than habituation or ltp. requires extensive gene expression

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neurogenesis

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new neuron formation, which can then form new synapses

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adult neurogenesis (formation of new neurons in the adult brain)

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can occur only in the hippocampus and requires extensive gene expression and cell division. increases the number of neurons available for synapse formation, and is much longer lasting than habituation or LTP

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amnesia

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the loss of memory

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retrograde amnesia

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loss of pre existing memories can be explicit or implicit memories

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anterograde amnesia

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inability to form new memories (defect in encoding or consolidation) can be explicit or implici