Bio Psych Midterm 2

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

study of the structure of the body and its parts

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

study of the function of the body and its parts

Front 3

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 3

division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine

receives, processes, sends signals to PNS

Front 4

Peripheral nervous system PNS

Back 4

division of nervous system located outside the skull and spine

carries information to and from CNS

Front 5

what are the two parts of the PNS

Back 5

somatic and autonomic

Front 6

Somatic nervous system

Back 6

interacts with external environment

Front 7

Afferent nerves (Somatic NS)

Back 7

carry signals to the CNS

Front 8

Efferent nerves (somatic)

Back 8

carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

Front 9

skeletal muscles

Back 9

striated muscles attached to the skeleton

Front 10

Autonomic NS

Back 10

more to do with internal organs

Front 11

Afferent nerves (autonomic)

Back 11

carry sensory signals from internal organs to CNs

Front 12

Efferent nerves (autonomic)

Back 12

carry motor signals from internal organs to CNS

Front 13

sympathetic and parasympathetic functions

Back 13

1. sympathetic nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources for emergencies

2. parasympathetic nerves conserves energy

3. each organ controlled by para and symp activity

4.sympathetic changes indicate psychological excitation

5. parasympathetic indicates psychological relaxation

Front 14

nerves

Back 14

bundles of axons

Front 15

cranial nerves

Back 15

project from brain as opposed to spinal chord

Front 16

how many pairs of cranial nerves

Back 16

12

Front 17

common sense view of emotions

Back 17

perception of stimulus(see bear)-->experience of emotion(fear)-->physiological response

Front 18

james lange view

Back 18

perception of stimulus (see bear)-->

physiological response-->

experience of emotion (fear)

Front 19

Cannon Bard view

Back 19

perception of stimulus-->

experience of emotion and physiological response simultaneously

Front 20

Schacter singer view

Back 20

we label physiological responses as different emotions depending on the situation

Front 21

Modern Biopsych view

Back 21

each of the three factors influence each other

-can take into account feedback from situation in labeling emotion

Front 22

Protection for spinal chord

Back 22

1. skull and backbone

2. 3 meninges

3. cerebral spinal fluid

Front 23

what are the 3 meninges

Back 23

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid membrane

3. Pia mater

Front 24

what is cerebral spinal fluid system

Back 24

colorless fluid that circulates through CNS

Front 25

central canal

Back 25

runs through length of spinal cord

Front 26

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Back 26

diagnostic procedure used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid

needle between 3 and 4 or 5 vertebrae

used to diagnose meningitis

Front 27

cerebral ventricles

Back 27

4 internal chambers of the brain

Front 28

disorders associated w/ cerebral ventricles

Back 28

huntington's, alzheimers, schizophrenia

Front 29

where is CSF made?

Back 29

choroid plexuses (type of capillaries)

Front 30

hydrocephalus

Back 30

blockage to CSF system, results in expansion of the brain

Front 31

how is hydrocephalus treated (in babies)

Back 31

remove blockage, drain excess fluid with implanted shunt (valve drains fluid to gut)

Front 32

functions of CSF system

Back 32

1. cushioning of CNS

2. helps supply nourishment to CNS

3. remove waste from CNS

4. ?

Front 33

blood brain barrier

Back 33

tightly packed cells covering blood vessels, and sealed by glial cells

Front 34

function of blood brain barrier

Back 34

big molecules blocked, oxygen and CO2 allowed to pass through, glucose transported across

Front 35

why does blood brain barrier break down at area postrema?

Back 35

to allow the brain to detect toxic substances that have been consumed

Front 36

anterior

Back 36

toward nose end

Front 37

posterior

Back 37

toward tail end

Front 38

dorsal (superior)

Back 38

toward surface of back or top of head

Front 39

ventral (inferior)

Back 39

toward surface of chest or bottom of head

Front 40

medial

Back 40

toward midline of body

Front 41

lateral

Back 41

away from midline of body

Front 42

horizontal plane(slice of brain)

Back 42

cut in a plane parallel to top of brain

Front 43

frontal (coronal) plane

Back 43

cut in plane parallel to face

Front 44

saggital plane

Back 44

cut in plane parallel to side of brain (down middle of face)

Front 45

mid saggital plane

Back 45

cut down center of brain

Front 46

gray matter (spinal cord)

Back 46

mostly cell bodies and unmylenated interneurons

Front 47

myelin

Back 47

cover some axons, speeds up signals

Front 48

interneurons

Back 48

communicate only with other neurons

Front 49

Surrounding H: White matter

Back 49

mostly myelinated axons

Front 50

where is gray matter in spinal cord

Back 50

in cross section, makes up the H

Front 51

where is white matter in spinal cord

Back 51

in cross section, surround the H

Front 52

dorsal neurons

Back 52

sensory

Front 53

ventral neurons

Back 53

motor

Front 54

stretch reflex

Back 54

a reflex elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle (knee jerk)

Front 55

what is the function of the stretch reflex?

Back 55

allows us to compensate for sudden changes in our body's orientation

Front 56

brain overview

Back 56

forebrain controls midbrain, midbrain controls hindbrain

Front 57

hindbrain (medulla) involved in what functions

Back 57

reticular formation

sleep, attention, movement, maintaining muscle tone, cardiac, resp functions

Front 58

cerebellum

Back 58

makes up 10% of brain but holds more than half of the brain's neurons

Front 59

what is the cerebellum involved in

Back 59

fine motor skills, affected soon after drinking alcohol

Front 60

results of damage to cerebellum

Back 60

uncoordinated, inaccurate movements

problems with balance

learning new motor sequences is difficult

alcohol affects

Front 61

superior colluculus (midbrain)

Back 61

seeing, receives information from retina (eye)

Front 62

blindsight

Back 62

ability of some blind people with damage to visual cortex to respond to visual cues

Front 63

inferior colluculus (midbrain)

Back 63

receives info from ear (hearing)

Front 64

substantia nigra

Back 64

involved in parkinson's disease

Front 65

forebrain

Back 65

largest division of the human brain

Front 66

functions of thalamus

Back 66

relays sensory information to areas of brain

Front 67

functions of hypothalamus

Back 67

inferior to thalamus, controls pituitary, sexual behavior, eating

Front 68

corpus collosum

Back 68

largest tract connecting hemispheres of brain

Front 69

fissure

Back 69

large furrow in brain (allow for greater surface area)

Front 70

sulcus fissure

Back 70

small fissures

Front 71

gyr/ gyrus

Back 71

ridges between fissures and sulk

Front 72

advantage of convolutions

Back 72

can pack more brain matter into skull

Front 73

longitudinal fissure

Back 73

divides the two hemispheres

Front 74

central and lateral fissures

Back 74

help mark out the 4 lobes of the brain

Front 75

frontal lobe

Back 75

about 90% of cerebral cortex in humans, most recently evolved

Front 76

precentral (frontal lobe)

Back 76

motor functions

Front 77

anterior (prefrontal) lobe

Back 77

complex cognitive functions

planning responses, evaluating patterns of behavior, assessing behavior of others

Front 78

occipital lobe

Back 78

primary visual cortex, analyzes visual information

Front 79

parietal lobes

Back 79

analyzes sensations from body (touch), perceiving locations of objects an out bodies

Front 80

temporal lobe

Back 80

hearing, language, complex visual patterns

Front 81

which lobe contains primary visual cortex?

Back 81

occipital lobe

Front 82

which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

Back 82

the temporal lobe

Front 83

which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?

Back 83

parietal lobe

Front 84

which lobe contains the motor cortex?

Back 84

frontal lobe

Front 85

which lobe contains wernickes area

Back 85

temporal

Front 86

which lobe contains broca's area

Back 86

frontal

Front 87

aphasia

Back 87

a brain damaged produce deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language

Front 88

broca's aphasia

Back 88

normal comprehension of both written and spoken language, but speech is slow and labored

expressive disorder

Front 89

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 89

disorder of language comprehension both written and spoken, associated deficits in speech production

receptive disorder

Front 90

limbic system

Back 90

involved in motivated behavior (fight or flight, eating, sexual behavior)

Front 91

amygdala involved in

Back 91

emotional reactions, fear, anger, recognizing fear in others, conditioned fear

Front 92

hippocampus

Back 92

involved with consolidating memories (putting memories in permanent storage)

Front 93

basal ganglia

Back 93

subcortical structures, important role in voluntary movement

Front 94

nucleus accumbens

Back 94

plays a role in rewarding behavior

(addictive drugs and other reinforcers)

Front 95

what are neurons

Back 95

the basic building blocks of the nervous system

Front 96

cell body (soma) neuron functions

Back 96

metabolism (energy production)

synthesis of proteins from genes

Front 97

nucleus

Back 97

contains chromosomes

Front 98

cytoplasm

Back 98

clear fluid outside of nucleus

Front 99

dendrites

Back 99

processes emanating from cell body which communicate with other neurons

Front 100

axon

Back 100

process projecting from cell body

Front 101

axon

Back 101

process projecting from the cell body, carries the neural signal

Front 102

axon hillock

Back 102

cone shaped region at junction between axon and cell body,

involved in decision to increase or decrease neural signal

Front 103

myelin sheath

Back 103

fatty insulation around many axons, speeds up neural signal,

Front 104

nodes of ranvier

Back 104

gaps between sections of myelin

Front 105

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 105

degeneration of myelin

Front 106

button

Back 106

knobby ending of axon branch

Front 107

neurotransmitter

Back 107

molecules released from neurons that influence other cells

Front 108

synapse

Back 108

junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle/gland

Front 109

synaptic cleft

Back 109

gap between synapses

Front 110

synaptic vesicles

Back 110

membrane covered balls carrying neurotransmitters

Front 111

neuron cell membrane composed of what

Back 111

lipid bilayer

Front 112

head of lipid bilayer is what

Back 112

hydrophilic (polar), attracts water

Front 113

tail of bilayer is what

Back 113

hydrophobic (non-polar), rejects water

Front 114

channel proteins

Back 114

allow certain molecules to pass through membrane

Front 115

signal proteins

Back 115

transfer a signal to inside of cell when certain molecules bind to outside

Front 116

multipolar neuron

Back 116

neurons with more than one process emanating from cell body

Front 117

unipolar

Back 117

neurons with one process emanating from cell body

Front 118

bipolar neurons

Back 118

neuron with two processes emanating from cell body

Front 119

most human neurons are what

Back 119

multipolar

Front 120

sensory neurons

Back 120

carry information from sense receptors to CNS

Front 121

motor neurons

Back 121

carry info from CNS to muscles and glands

Front 122

Interneurons

Back 122

communicate with other neurons, make up most of human brain

Front 123

support cells of nervous system

Back 123

provide physical and functional support

suport structure

remove waste

make up myelin

help deliver nourishment

Front 124

glial cells

Back 124

support cells of the central nervous system

Front 125

satelite cells

Back 125

support cells of the peripheral nervous system

Front 126

golgi stain

Back 126

dies some neurons black, shows shape but not internal structure

Front 127

nissl stain

Back 127

stains all neurons in preparation, but only cell bodies

Front 128

tracing stains

Back 128

inject into neurons in brain, will follow axons

Front 129

myelin stains

Back 129

stains myelin covered axons

Front 130

membrane potential

Back 130

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of neuron

Front 131

why were membrane potentials tested in giant squid?

Back 131

because they have huge axons, easier to get electrode inside axons

Front 132

axon at rest

Back 132

inside is more negative than outside

Front 133

ions

Back 133

charged particles

Front 134

negative ion

Back 134

more electrons than protons

Front 135

positive ions

Back 135

more protons than electrons

Front 136

ions inside and outside membrane

Back 136

sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) ions outside,

Potassium (K+) and protein ions inside

Front 137

why don't protein ions leave resting axon

Back 137

too big to fit across membrane

Front 138

why don't chloride ions rush into resting neuron

Back 138

have same charge as resting neuron, so are repelled

Front 139

function of sodium potassium pumps

Back 139

pump sodium ions out of neuron, pump K+ into neuron

Front 140

what are EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)

Back 140

increase likelihood that neuron will fire, inside becomes more positive

Front 141

what are IPSPs?

Back 141

decrease likelihood that neuron will fire, makes inside of neuron more negative

Front 142

graded potentials

Back 142

potentials can have different strengths

Front 143

what is integration

Back 143

combining a number of individual EPSP and IPSP into one overall signal

Front 144

which part of neuron does integration occur

Back 144

axon hillock