Bio Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Name 5 ways agonists work

Back 1

1- Increase precursor
2-Increase exocytosis
3- Increase affinity of post-somatic receptors
4-Inhibit degrading enzymes
5- slow or block reuptake

Front 2

Exocytosis

Back 2

release of neurotransmitter from pre-synaptic membrane.

Front 3

Antagonists work:

Back 3

Post synaptic receptors can be blocked

Front 4

Reticular Formation

Back 4

Produces many neurotransmitters which can then be projected throughout the brain

Front 5

Drugs of abuse generally work in a 3 step process:

Back 5

1- Cause the vental tegmental area to release dopamine to:
2- Nucleus Acumbens (Nacc) to:
3- frontal cortex

Front 6

Monoamine Oxidaise (MAO)

Back 6

Inhibit degrading enzymes

Front 7

In the synaptic cleft

Back 7

there are degrading enzymes. Some drugs can make these degrading enzymes less effective.

Front 8

What fights neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

Back 8

Monoamines
Reuptake

Front 9

Monoamines

Back 9

Degrading enzymes

Front 10

Dopaminergic Neurons

Back 10

synthesize and contain dopamine

Front 11

Genetic Predisposition for addiction:

Back 11

Possibly reuptaking Dopamine too quickly.

Front 12

Berride

Back 12

First man to describe the difference between wanting and liking.

Front 13

If I "want" but don't "like" what's working hard?

Back 13

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 14

Cocaine

Back 14

Inhibits Dopamine reuptake

Front 15

Meth

Back 15

Inhibits Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake.
Increases release of Dopamine and norepinephrine

Front 16

Norepinephrine

Back 16

Plays a role in brain's vigilance. Low in the morning, more as we become more awake.

Front 17

Nicotine

Back 17

Increases affinity of postsynaptic acetytlcholine

Front 18

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Back 18

Increase exocytosis of serotonin

Front 19

Depressants

Back 19

Bind with GABA receptors especially in the amygdala

Front 20

Opiates

Back 20

Mimic endorphins- Bind with the periaquaductal gray

Front 21

Marijuana

Back 21

tetrahydrocannibinol (THC)-
Binds with anandamide receptors
-Rapidly turns them on and off.

Front 22

anandamide receptors

Back 22

Are autoreceptors found in the:
basal ganglia
cerebellum
hippocampus

Front 23

hullicinogens

Back 23

imitate serotonin-
which inhibits raphe nuclei.
And increases activity of locus coeruleus.

Front 24

Raphe Nuclei

Back 24

Inhibition happens naturally during dreams.

Front 25

Increased activity of locus coeruleus

Back 25

Releases norepinphrine throughout brain, and increases vigilance.

Front 26

Noreadrenic neurons make:

Back 26

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 27

Locus coeruleus

Back 27

releases norepinephrine

Front 28

GABA is always

Back 28

inhibitory

Front 29

Glutamate is always

Back 29

excitatory

Front 30

Structural Neuroimaging:

Back 30

-Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) scan
-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 31

Functional Neuroimaging

Back 31

-Positron-emission Tomography (PET)
- functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Front 32

Other Biopsychology methods

Back 32

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Lesions/Ablations

Front 33

Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) scan

Back 33

Series of x-ray slices put together (structural)

Front 34

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 34

perturbs hydrogen atom and then allows them to 'relax' (structural)

Front 35

Positron-emission Tomography (PET)

Back 35

radioactive marker is attached to glucose or a neurotransmitter (functional)

Front 36

functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Back 36

measures oxygenated blood (functional)

Front 37

Problems with functional neuroimaging

Back 37

poor spatial and temporal

Front 38

Electroencephalogram (EEG)- problems and advantages

Back 38

poor spatial resolution, good temporal

Front 39

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 39

Electrodes placed on scalp measure electrical activity.

Front 40

lessions/ablations- problems &advantages

Back 40

Destroys part of the brain, allows for naturalistic observation

Front 41

Transduction

Back 41

Changes from one form of energy to another.

Front 42

Auditory Transduction happens where

Back 42

cilia

Front 43

Visual transduction

Back 43

electromagnetic energy is absorbed or reflected

Front 44

Rods

Back 44

-located throughout retina
-see in greys
-good in low light

Front 45

Cones

Back 45

-3 kinds
-good for color
-better acuity
-mostly in fovea

Front 46

Trichromatic color theory

Back 46

blue-short wave
green-medium wave
red- long wave

Front 47

Ganglion cells

Back 47

in the retina, combine to form the optic nerve.
Projected in 2 places

Front 48

10% optic path projects to

Back 48

superior colliculi

Front 49

90% optic path projects to

Back 49

lateral geniculate nuclei

Front 50

The magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei

Back 50

is important for detecting motion

Front 51

The parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei

Back 51

is important for red and green oponent processes.

Front 52

The koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nuclei

Back 52

is important for yellow and blue opponent processes.

Front 53

Simple cortical cells emphasize

Back 53

edges

Front 54

The dorsal stream of the simple cortical cells

Back 54

where

Front 55

The ventral stream

Back 55

what objects are

Front 56

Agnosia

Back 56

difficulty recognizing objects

Front 57

prosopagnosia

Back 57

difficulty recognizing faces

Front 58

Outer and middle ear:

Back 58

pinna
tynpanic membrane
ossicles

Front 59

Pinna

Back 59

visible part of your ear.

Front 60

typanic membrane

Back 60

eardrum, transmit sounds from the pinna to the ossicles

Front 61

Ossicles

Back 61

3 small bones in middle ear. Transmit sound from the typanic membrane to the oval window

Front 62

cochlea

Back 62

snail shaped

Front 63

Oval window

Back 63

vibrations of it, cause fluid to move, which moves different areas of the basilar membrane, and the cillia of the hair cells.

Front 64

Basilar membrane (stiff/more flexible)

Back 64

Stiffer at the base
more flexible at the apex

Front 65

Cillia of the hair cells

Back 65

when the hair flicks back and forth transduces to neuroenergy.

Front 66

Place theory

Back 66

high pitch sounds move the basilar membrane most at the base. Low pitch sounds move mostly at the apex.

Front 67

The Hair cells synapse on the

Back 67

spiral ganglia cells

Front 68

spiral ganglia cells form the

Back 68

auditory nerve

Front 69

The auditory nerve projects to the

Back 69

the cochlear nucleus

Front 70

the cochlear nucleus projects to the

Back 70

ipsilateral superior olive and the
contralateral superior olive

Front 71

The ipsilateral superior olive and the contralateral superior olive allow for

Back 71

sound location

Front 72

The ipsilateral superior olive and the contralateral superior olive project to the

Back 72

inferior colliculi

Front 73

the inferior colliculi project to the

Back 73

medial geniculate nuclei

Front 74

the medial geniculate nuclei

Back 74

filters information and projects to the primary auditory cortex

Front 75

The primary auditory cortex is arranged

Back 75

tonotopically

Front 76

Conduction deafness

Back 76

fussion of ossicles, happens with age. Hearing aids help

Front 77

nerve deafness

Back 77

death of the hair cells. Usually happens with loud noise over time.

Front 78

tinnitus

Back 78

ringing in the ears. The hair cells get tangled.