Atpl Saron - Human Factors

Front 1

Rain on windscreen

Back 1

- Rwy appears lower

- On final app, lights appear bigger/brighter

= undershoot approach

Front 2

Haze on final

Back 2

- rwy appears further

= fly high on approach

Front 3

Upslope rwy

Back 3

- appear fly high

= fly low approach or undershoot

Front 4

Landing on wide rwy

Back 4

- appear lower

= fly high on approach and flare high

Front 5

Terrain around rwy is higher

Back 5

= fly high and overshoot approach

Front 6

Empty field myopia

Back 6

- caused by lack of stimulus (ex featureless sky - clear / hazy day or dark night)

- eye focus on pt 3-5 feet away

- *objects in sky appear smaller and further away

- look at wingtips to refocus

- primary focusing element of eye is cornea

Front 7

Night flight

Back 7

- reduced visual acuity, color vision, depth perception

- Rods provide primary vision at night

Dark adaptation = changeover from cones to rods

- takes 30 mins in total darkness

- can be accelerated by red cockpit lighting however severely distorts colors

Front 8

Autokinesis

Back 8

Single light where no other reference

- cause light to seemingly move in irregular arcs, can induce vertigo

Front 9

False horizon

Back 9

Moonless night over rural area OR sloping cloud tops, difficult to make out horizon

= spatial disorientation

Front 10

Black hole phenomenon

Back 10

Approaching to area of featureless terrain/few ground lights

- result in curved app path

Front 11

Somatogravic illusion

Back 11

Rapid acceleration - illusion of being in nose-up attitude, esp where no good visual ref

Front 12

IM SAFE

Back 12

Illness

Medication

Stress

Alcohol

Fatigue

Eating

Front 13

Hypoxic hypoxia

Back 13

Insufficient O2 at sufficient pressure to lungs

Cause:

- reduction in atmospheric pressure at high altitudes

Front 14

Stagnant Hypoxia

Back 14

Blood (and thus O2) prevented from moving throughout body

Causes:

- prolonged sitting

- high 'g' loading

*O2 carrier molecule = hemoglobin

Front 15

Anaemic hypoxia

Back 15

Blood unable to absorb and carry O2 from lungs to various parts of body

Cause:

- carbon monoxide poisoning

- donating blood

- iron deficiency

Front 16

Hystoxic hypoxia

Back 16

Cells in various organs & tissues are unable to absorb O2

Cause:

- alcohol consumption

Front 17

Hypoxia and night flying

Back 17

- causes degradation of vision, particularly rods

- will effect night vision at altitudes as low as 5000'

- more severe if smoker

Front 18

Hypoxia symtoms

Back 18

Euphoria

Tingling

Numbness

Visual impairment

Fatigue

Headache / nausea

Hot / cold flashes

Rapid breathing

*as symptoms worsen, field of vision narrows (retina most sensitive to occurance of hypoxia)

If unsure whether hypoxia or hyperventilating- treat for hypoxia

Front 19

Opposite turning illusion / the leans

Back 19

Sustained turn causes fluid in ears to turn in same direction

When roll wings level fluid continues to rotate

= Sensation of turning in opposite direction

Front 20

Coreolis illusion

Back 20

When turn head when aircraft is in turn - rotation of fluid in ears will create illusion of tumbling

Front 21

Sinus and ear pain

Back 21

Eustachian tube blocked

- air not blocked may lead to popping sensation in ear as it escapes

*Trapped gases in expansion

Areas most sensitive to trapped gas

- middle ear

- sinus

- teeth

- gastrointestinal tract

Pressure changes inside middle ear may lead to vertigo

Front 22

Threat Error Management

Back 22

1.Threats - inc operational complexity and if not managed can lead to error

2.Error - actions/inactions to lead to deviations from intentions/expectations inc undesired a/c states

3. Undesired a/c state (a/c handling, nav, incorrect configuation)*ex unsafe attitude

Front 23

Leading cause of ATC comm errors

Back 23

Readback/hearback errors

1. Pilot reads back in error and controller fails to correct

2. Controller fails to notice own error in correct pilot readback

Front 24

Blowing snow

Back 24

May cause whiteout (incorrect for TC)

Illusion of a/c moving in opposite direction of BLSN

- difficult to allign w rwy

Front 25

Turn from dw to into-wind

Back 25

- appear to skid and dec a/s

Front 26

Decompression sickness

Back 26

Exposure to low pressure that cause inert gases (mainly N) to come out of solution and form bubbles in body tissues and fluids

Front 27

The bends

Back 27

Nitogen bubbles in blood migrating to joint spaces

- very painful

Front 28

The chokes

Back 28

Nitrogen bubbles present in smaller blood vessels of lungs and in tissues of trachea

Front 29

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 29

Symptom:

- blurred thinking

CO has greater binding affinity to hemoglobin than does O2

Front 30

Valsalva technique

Back 30

- used to equalize pressure in middle ear during descent

- close mouth, pinch nose, bear down

- causes rapid change in heart rate and blood pressure

Front 31

Vection illusion

Back 31

- peripheral visual info causes you to think you are moving when in fact not

Front 32

How to know if on converging track with another a/c

Back 32

Stays still in frame of reference