Interpretation services most commonly have been performed on an ad hoc basis in healthcare arena. In many instances medical interpretation have been performed on an ad hoc basis, consisting of use of other patients, family, friends, untrained nonclinical employees, and nonfluent health care professionals as interpreters.14,15 In clinical or hospital environments where time is of the essence, the practical options are to rely on ad hoc interpreters who are readily available for the physician. Ad hoc interpreters allow the patient interaction to be more personal because most ad hoc interpreters are a patient’s inner social circle members, such as family members, close friends, who often share the patient’s cultural background and can serve as
