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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are three domains?
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Prokaryotic
Archaea Eukarya |
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What are the Five Kingdoms?
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Bacteria
Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia |
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The number of protons in the nucleus is called what?
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Atomic number
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The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called?
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Atomic Mass
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Atoms that share electron pairs and represent the strongest type of bond are called?
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Covalent bonds
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Sugars and starches that store energy are called what?
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Carbohydrates
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What are three types of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
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Fats and Oils are considered what?
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Lipids
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What has twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates and proteins?
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Lipids
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What are three forms of lipids?
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triglycerides
sterols waxes |
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A type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles is called what?
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Animal and plant cells are examples of?
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eukaryotic cell
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All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of what kinds of cells?
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Eukaryotic Cells
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A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles are called?
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Prokaryotic Cells
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What is found only in the domains of bacteria and archaea?
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Prokaryotic cells
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What do proteins consist of?
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amino acid monomers
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How many basic types of amino acids in organisms
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20
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Amino acids have what five things
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central carbon
hydrogen atom carboxyl group amino group side chain |
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What is an example of proteins
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Enzymes
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Where are nucleic acids found?
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in the nucleus
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What is found only in the domains of bacteria and archaea?
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Prokaryotic cells.
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What consists of amino acid monomers?
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Proteins
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How many basic types of amino acids in organisms
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20
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Amino acids have what five things
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central carbon
hydrogen atom carboxyl group amino group side chain |
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What is an example of proteins
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Enzymes
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Where are nucleic acids found
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in the nucleus
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What consists of atoms with partial negative charges that attract hydrogen atoms with their partial positive charges?
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Hydrogen bonds
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What are weak chemical bonds
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Hydrogen bonds
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Fats and oils are considered what?
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Lipids
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What components do nucleic acids have?
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five carbon sugar
deoxyribose or ribose one or more phosphate groups one of five nitrogenous bases |
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What are two types of nucleic acids?
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RNA and DNA
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What is the organelle that synthesizes and manufactures lipids?
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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What is the organelle that synthesizes proteins and has ribosomes?
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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What is the organelle that extracts energy from nutrient molecules?
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Mitochondrion
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What is a membrane bounded sac that contains the nucleic acids - DNA and RNA?
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Nucleus
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What is the organelle where sugars are polymerized into starches?
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Golgi Apparatus
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What is the movement of water across biological membranes by simple diffusion
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Osmosis
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What is the movement of substances or water across a cellular membrane from areas of high concentration to low concentration without using energy?
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Simple diffusion
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A condition where the solute concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane is called?
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Isotonic
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For red blood cells, a .7% NaCI is called what type of solution
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Isotonic
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What is a condition where the solute concentration is greater outside the cellular membrane than inside the cell?
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Hypertonic
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What is it called when water flows out of the cell to outside the cell membranes?
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Hypertonic
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A 2.0% NaCI solution outside the cell membrane is considered ____ to the .7% NaCI solution inside the red blood cell.
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Hypertonic
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What is a condition where the solute concentration is less outside the cellular membrane than inside the cell?
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Hypotonic
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What is it called when water flows into the cell?
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Hypotonic
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What is an example of a hypotonic solution?
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deionized water
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What transfers electrons from one molecule to another?
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Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
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What consist of oxidation and reduction reactions that are linked and occur simultaneously from one molecule to another molecule?
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Electron Transport Chains
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Molecules that lose electrons are called ____?
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Oxidation
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Molecules that gain electrons are called _____?
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Reduction
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What is stored energy available to do work called?
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Potential energy
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Energy in motion is called ___?
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Kinetic energy
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What is stored energy available to do work called?
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Potential energy
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What is a biochemical process in plants that uses energy from the sun to create biologically important molecules from two photo systems and the Calvin Cycle?
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Photosynthesis
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Energy in motion is called ___?
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Kinetic energy
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What does photo-system 1 produce?
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NADPH
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What is a biochemical process in plants that uses energy from the sun to create biologically important molecules from two photo systems and the Calvin Cycle?
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Photosynthesis
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What does photo-system 2 produce?
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ATP
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What does photo-system 1 produce?
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NADPH
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What is part of photosyntheseis?
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Calvin Cycle
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What does photo-system 2 produce?
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ATP
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What collects CO2 from the atmosphere?
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Calvin Cycle
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What is part of photosyntheseis?
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Calvin Cycle
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What uses the energy rich NADPH and ATP to produce glucose?
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Calvin Cycle
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What collects CO2 from the atmosphere?
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Calvin Cycle
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The Calvin Cycle is known as the ?
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Carbon Fixation Cycle
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What uses the energy rich NADPH and ATP to produce glucose?
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Calvin Cycle
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What refers to biochemical pathways that extract energy (ATP) from the bonds of glucose in the presence of oxygen?
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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The Calvin Cycle is known as the ?
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Carbon Fixation Cycle
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What refers to biochemical pathways that extract energy (ATP) from the bonds of glucose in the presence of oxygen?
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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What is broken down to carbon dioxide (Co2) and oxygen (O2)?
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Glucose
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A net gain of ____ can be produced from one molecule of glucose being broken down by aerobic cellular respiration
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2 ATP
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What is the method by which all organisms obtain energy from glucose?
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration is also known as
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Kreb's Cycle
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What refers to biochemical pathways (fermentation) that extract energy (ATP) from the bonds of glucose in the absence of oxygen?
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
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A net gain of ___ ____ can be produced from one molecule of glucose being broken down by anaereobic cellular respiration
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2 ATP
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What uses yeast cells to yield ethanol and CO2?
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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What occurs in muscle cells yielding lactic acid and CO2?
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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What is a process that forms two identical daughter cells from one cell?
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mitosis
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What is describes as the time when the cell nucleus is actively dividing?
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Mitosis
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Each daughter cell has __ pairs of chromosomes (a total of 46 chromosomes)
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23
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each daughter cell is a _____cell designated by _ _
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diploid
2N |
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What are the six stages of mitosis?
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interphase
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
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What is a type of cell death that is a normal part of development?
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Apoptosis
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What is the abnormal growth in a cell where mitosis is too frequent or apoptosis is too infrequent?
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Cancer
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Cell death in response to injury is called?
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Necrosis
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What is a type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells (egg and sperm) receive half the number of chromsomes (23)
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Meiosis
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Each gamete is a _____ cell designated as _ _
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haploid
1N |
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What are dark staining, rod shaped structures in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell consisting of a continuous molecule of DNA wrapped in protein?
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Chromosomes
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What are the 22 pairs of chromosomes not associated with sex determination?
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Autosomes
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What are the pair of chromosomes associated with sex determination?
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Sex chromosomes
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What is an allele that "masks" the expression of another allele
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Dominant gene
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What is an allele who expression is "masked" by the activity of another allele
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Recessive gene
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What decribes the organism alleles?
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Genotype
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What describes the organisms outward,e xternal expression of the allele combinations
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Phenotype
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What decribes the organism alleles?
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Genotype
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What is a simple method to figure the probable results of a genetic cross where all of the possible type sof sperm are lined up vertically and all the possible types of eggs are lined up horizontally
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Punnett Square
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What describes the organisms outward,e xternal expression of the allele combinations
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Phenotype
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An identical pair of alleles is called?
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homozygous
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What is a simple method to figure the probable results of a genetic cross where all of the possible types of sperm are lined up vertically and all the possible types of eggs are lined up horizontally
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Punnett Square
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A non- identical pair of alleles is called?
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heterozygous
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An identical pair of alleles is called?
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homozygous
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A photograph of a fetus's chromosomes displayed in a size ordered chart is called?
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karyotype
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A non- identical pair of alleles is called?
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heterozygous
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What "turns off" an X chromosome in the female cell during early prenatal development?
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X Inactivation
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A photograph of a fetu's chromosomes dispayed in a size ordered chart is called?
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karyotype
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What assures that all somatic cells in a multicellular organism carries the smae genetic information?
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DNA replication
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What "turns off" an X chromosome in the female cell during early prenatal development?
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X Inactivation
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What is the process by which genetic instructions are copied for the next generation of the organism?
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DNA Replication
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What assures that all somatic cells in a multicellular organism carries the same genetic information?
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DNA replication
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What process uses DNA plymerase and DNA ligase to make the copies
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DNA Replication
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What is the process by which genetic instructions are copied for the next generation of the organism?
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DNA Replication
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What process uses DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to make the copies
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DNA Replication
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration is also known as
|
Kreb's Cycle
|
|
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What refers to biochemical pathways (fermentation) that extract energy (ATP) from the bonds of glucose in the absence of oxygen?
|
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
|
|
|
A net gain of ___ ____ can be produced from one molecule of glucose being broken down by anaereobic cellular respiration
|
2 ATP
|
|
|
What uses yeast cells to yield ethanol and CO2?
|
Alcoholic Fermentation
|
|
|
What occurs in muscle cells yielding lactic acid and CO2?
|
Lactic Acid Fermentation
|
|
|
What is a process that forms two identical daughter cells from one cell?
|
mitosis
|
|
|
What is described as the time when the cell nucleus is actively dividing?
|
Mitosis
|
|
|
Each daughter cell has __ pairs of chromosomes (a total of 46 chromosomes)
|
23
|
|
|
each daughter cell is a _____cell designated by _ _
|
diploid
2N |
|
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What are the six stages of mitosis?
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interphase
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
|
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The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule is called?
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Transcription
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The transfer of genetic information in the mRNA into a protein by incorporting the help of tRNA and rRNA is called?
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Translation
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What is a branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evoluntionary relationships and evolutionary descent among groups of organisms?
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evolutionary tree
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What are changes in nucleotide sequence that can create different or new alleles?
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mutations
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What can be used to test whether a population is evolving?
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Hardy Weinburg Equation
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What five main conditions must exist for a population to fit into the hardy Weinburg statistical box?
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The population is very large
There is no gene flow or migration of individuals or gametes into or out of the population Mutations or changes in genes do no alter the gene pool Mating is random All individuals are equal in reproductive success - natural selection does not occur |
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The Hardy Weinburg equeation is useful in public health science? TF
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True
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What can alter allele frequencies in a population?
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Natural selection
genetic drift gene flow |
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What is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance and is entirely dependent on the population size?
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Genetic Drift
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what is an event that drastically reduces the population size
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Bottleneck Effect
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What is the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals?
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Founder Effect
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A poplulation may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations.
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Gene Flow
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What is a type of cell death that is a normal part of development?
|
Apoptosis
|
|
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What is the abnormal growth in a cell where mitosis is too frequent or apoptosis is too infrequent
|
Cancer
|
|
|
What is the cell death in response to injury?
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
What is a type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive half the number of chromosomes
|
Meiosis
|
|
|
What are dark staining, rod shaped structures in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell consisting of a continuous molecule of DNA wrapped in protein?
|
Chromosomes
|
|
|
What are the 22 pairs of chromosomes not associated with sex determination?
|
Autosomes
|
|
|
What are the pair of chromosomes associated with sex determination?
|
Sex chromosomes
|
|
|
What is an allele that "masks" the expression of another allele?
|
Dominant gene
|
|
|
What is an allele whose expression is "masked" by athe activity of another allele?
|
Recessive gene
|
|
|
What describes the organism's alleles
|
genotype
|
|
|
What decribes the organisms outward, external expression of the allele combinations
|
Phenotype
|
|
|
What is a simple method to figure the probable results of a genetic cross where all of the possible types of sperm are lined up vertically and all the possible types of eggs are lined up horizontally?
|
Punnett Square
|
|
|
What is an identical pair of alleles called?
|
homozygous
|
|
|
What is a non identical pair of alleles called?
|
heterozygous
|
|
|
What is a photgraph of a fetus's chromosomes displayed in a size ordered chart?
|
Karyotype
|
|
|
What "turns off" an X chromosome in the female cell during early prenatal development?
|
X-Inactivation
|
|
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The inactivated chromosome is called ____?
|
Barr Body
|
|
|
What assures that all somatic cells in a multicellular organizm carry the same genetic information?
|
DNA Replication
|
|
|
What process is the means by which genetic instructions are copied for the next generation of the organism?
|
DNA replication
|
|
|
What process uses DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to make the copies
|
DNA Replication
|
|
|
What is a type of cell death that is a normal part of development?
|
Apoptosis
|
|
|
What is the abnormal growth in a cell where mitosis is too frequent or apoptosis is too infrequent
|
Cancer
|
|
|
What is the cell death in response to injury?
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
What is a type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive half the number of chromosomes
|
Meiosis
|
|
|
What are dark staining, rod shaped structures in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell consisting of a continuous molecule of DNA wrapped in protein?
|
Chromosomes
|
|
|
What are the 22 pairs of chromosomes not associated with sex determination?
|
Autosomes
|
|
|
What are the pair of chromosomes associated with sex determination?
|
Sex chromosomes
|
|
|
What is an allele that "masks" the expression of another allele?
|
Dominant gene
|
|
|
What is an allele whose expression is "masked" by the activity of another allele?
|
Recessive gene
|
|
|
What describes the organism's alleles
|
genotype
|
