Thoracic diaphragm

Understanding the anatomical map of structures such as the phrenic nerve is vital for medical treatments. G.S. Muller Botha mapped the phrenic nerve and described her findings in The Anatomy of the Phrenic Nerve Termination and the Motor Innervation of the Diaphragm. Sleep apnea is a common disorder caused by under stimulation of the diaphragm from the phrenic nerve, O. Oldenburg and team described alternative treatments for the apnea in Effects of unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation on tidal volume. Lastly, Huemer and associates described a common procedure that causes damage to the phrenic nerve due to its anatomical positioning in Mapping of the Left-Sided Phrenic Nerve Course in Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Catheter Ablations.…

1. In the documentary movie “The Pill” the speaker spoke about Comstock Act or “Chastity” Laws. Andrew Comstock did not like the idea of women taking contraceptives because it promoted the idea of people having sex before marriage. Comstock worked for to pass the bill to make it illegal to receive contraceptives or to have abortions. The Act also made receiving the Pill through the postal service or through commercial trade. No one challenged the Act until Margret Sanger opened up her first…

Introduction The thoracic cavity has complex networks of lymphatics which have a fundamental immunological function protecting intrathoracic organs such as the lungs, pleura, oesophagus and mediastinum. These networks drain interstitial fluid from the lungs, chyle from the gastrointestinal tract, and white blood cells and other immune components (Brotons et al., 2012). Thoracic lymphatics are involved in several diseases that most thoracic surgeons are concerned about. The most important…

structures in the thoracic cavity; therefore pneumothorax would be demonstrated on a radiograph as an evenly dark area inside the thoracic cavity due to its greater radiolucency than lung structures (Bushong, 2012). This makes the examination essential for the patient. In accordance with Trust 1 Adult plain film protocols (2014) an erect Postero-Anterior (PA) chest examination was undertaken. Furthermore Des Jardins et al (2015) concur with standing PA chest examination for patients who are not…

A little background information on Gary who came to the clinic with right shoulder pain. Gary is a 40 year old self-employed painter. He has had a cortisone injection that proved to be helpful for about five months. However, the pain returned and is a 5/10. Gary has been taking ibuprofen which hasn’t helped and using ice for some relief. There are several possible causes for Gary’s shoulder pain. For example, Gary could have Adhesive Capsulitis, Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis, Bicep Tendonitis,…

A progress note from Dr. Johnson, dated 07/17/2017, indicated that the claimant presented with a mid/low back pain radiating to his feet and toes with numbness. She had nerve block injection in the sciatic nerve, bilaterally. On a follow-up visit with Dr. Johnson dated 07/26/2017, it was noted that the claimant had been having anxiety issues with her thyroid effect on her hair. She stated that it feels like her hair was growing. The claimant had bilateral sciatic nerve block injection on…

This is a 32-year-old male with a 7/3/2014 date of injury, due to a MVA. DIAGNOSIS; Cervical spin e S/S, Lumbar spine S/S, Left shoulder S/S 12/08/15 progress note describes that the patient complains of neck pain at a 6/10-scale level; low back pain at a 6-7/10-scale level, which radiates to the right leg; left shoulder pain at a 4/10-scale level, which radiates to the left arm; and sleep problems. PE revealed slight to moderate spasticity and tenderness over the para-cervical muscles. ROM of…

This is a 45-year-old male with a 2-20-2015 date of injury. A specific mechanism of injury has not been described. DIAGNOSIS: Sprain of joints and ligaments of unspecified parts of neck, initial encounter 01/11/16 Progress Report describes that 15 minutes were spent in review of the results from the urinary drug screen, which was administered at the previous visit and deciding whether any modifications are appropriate to the treatment regimen. The pain is better and down to a 3/10. The neck…

SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY Bill, a 34 year old male, arrived at the doctor’s office experiencing pain in his right hip. Prior to this, Bill maintains an overall healthy lifestyle which includes exercising and activities such as; swimming, water skiing and scuba diving. Bill reports he has had no trauma to his hip. On this visit an analgesic and muscle relaxant were both prescribed to the patient and he was sent home. After three weeks of no improvement Bill has returned to the doctor’s office and has…

However use of this device requires a trained operator. Calibration also needs to be done before using the device. Flexible electrogoniometers are strain-gage-based systems that consists of two light-weight end blocks fixed to the twelfth thoracic vertebrae(T12) and sacral spine(S2)spinal processes. They are separated by a steel spring and it protects a narrow strip of steel foil[11]. Strain gages attached to the foil were used to monitor lumbar angle motion in two different planes during both…