Spinal fusion

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS, is a life threatening disease which attacks one’s muscles, thus greatly impacting the victim’s physical function. People who suffer from the chronic effects of ALS usually encounter a lifetime of excruciating pain and physical disability. Those who are diagnosed endure the slowly progressing stages of the disease. As a result, people tend to reflect upon their lives before they were diagnosed with the illness, and may wish to have done things…

The normality of a spinal cord is to have functional spinal nerves, strong protective connective tissue and vertebras. Certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) will have an impact with the spinal structure and its functions. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the spinal cord help assist the brain to carry out every day routines. The spinal cord is significant structure in the body that is 45 centimeters in length. The spinal cord is part of a…

signals between different parts of the body. It has two components; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system is an intricate part of your body and life that 's made up of two separate systems, the brain, and spinal cord. During prenatal growth, the nervous system experiences many changes to gain its compound structure. The events of this early development include the growing of billions of neurons, axons, and the formation of thousands of…

functional motorneurons, which are situated in the spinal cord, and the frequency of the activity is most enhanced in 19 hpf embryos (Saint-Amant and Drapeau, 1998). Supraspinal input is not depended upon and neurotransmitters such as glutamate and glycine do not regulate this form of locomotor behaviour (Saint-Amant and Drapeau, 2001 cited in Downes and Granato, 2005).…

Introduction A vertebrate is characterized by the vertebral column as it is part of their axial skeleton. Its main function is to act as a communication pathway between the brain and the body of the vertebrate. Usually, vertebrates have a fixed number of vertebral column, but there are variations in the number of vertebral columns within the cetacean species. Dolphins are vertebrates and are one of the fastest swimming species due to their morphological stability. The morphology can determine…

The basal ganglia (BG) receives input at the striatum from the cortex and provides output from the pallidum, in particular the globus pallidus internal (GPi) via the ventral anterior and lateral (VA/VL) thalamic nuclei to the cortex – forming a motor loop.1,2 There are two major pathways in this motor loop, the direct and indirect pathways.1,2 The direct pathway originates in the cortex, projecting to the striatum of the BG which consists of the caudate and putamen nuclei.1,2 The striatum…

through which neurons communicate. According to Carlson (2014) the Nervous system is branched into two categories - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS holds cranial nerves, spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia. According to Farley, Johnstone, Hendrey and McLafferty (2014), the brain is portioned into six different sections. These divisions consist of the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain,…

ventricles, the 3rd and 4th ventricles, the cerebral aqueduct, and the central canal. Describe the purpose of the ventricular system. In your answer be certain to define components of this system that are more difficult the diagram; specifically Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Arachnoid granulations. (10 points) The ventricular system is made up of ventricles in the brain which contain CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid). The purpose of the ventricular system is to make and transport the CSF (Cerebrospinal…

system, balance system, proprioceptors, and the brain. The visual system contains oculomotor neurons and eye muscles while the balance system contains semicircular canals, otolith organs, vestibular nerves and nuclei. The proprioceptors include the spinal cord, muscles, and joints in the body while the brain contains the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. All these components work together to maintain the human sense of balance in all individuals. When there is disconnect in any of these systems…

is present in ten to twenty percent of the population. One or more of the vertebra are not formed properly. (NINDS, 2013, para.4). Closed neural tube defects is the second type and consists of few symptoms that can cause a urinary dysfunction. The spinal cord has ether a malformation of fat, bone, or membranes. (NINDS, 2013, para.5). The third type of spina bifida is meningocele which consists of few symptoms but possibly paralysis. The protective coverings of the spine push out from the spine…