Kenneth Waltz

Why are nuclear weapons tolerated given their overwhelming destructive power? This has been justified by the theory of nuclear deterrence. This theory hypothesizes that if a nation armed with nuclear weapons threatens nuclear retaliation, other countries will refrain from initiating a military attack. It began its life after Hiroshima as the threat to destroy cities. During the Cold War, nuclear deterrence preserved the peace between the two great powers by making the resort to a nuclear war…

1. World War II had four outcomes. What were they? The most important outcome was the emergence of two superpowers United States and the Soviet Union. The second outcome was the differences between these two superpowers in both national interests and ideology. The United States democratic liberalism was based on an economic system that provided opportunities to individuals without government interference: capitalism. However, the Soviet state embraced Marxist ideology, which holds that under…

Written in 1795, Immanuel Kant’s essay ‘Toward a Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’ is a key text in discussions surrounding war, peace, and cosmopolitan ideals. Kant’s ideas of constitution, federation of free states and the cosmopolitan rights of individuals have formed the building blocks of many strategies for peace enacted since then, although his advice is occasionally ignored to this day. Scholars have interpreted Kant’s work in many ways, with some ideas being labeled as liberal,…

Morgenthau explained a straightforward classical or human nature view of Realism. Offensive and defense realist take his points and slightly alter them. These perspectives can shed light on actions of more aggressive states versus peaceful states. John Mearsheimer, an offense realist, states that states seek primacy. He agrees with Morgenthau’s assumptions; however, he adds that in an unbalanced multipolar system states will fear a growing hegemon and act aggressively. In this unbalanced system…

system would be in all beginnings to deal with global issues. She has also borrowed some ideas from notable scholars in this field to stress the gravity of anarchy for explaining the world politics. In her writing, prominent theorists, such as Kenneth Waltz and Robert Keohane who suggested each different approach to see international relations, have pointed out that the essence of anarchic system could be explicated by game theories, for example, the Stag game and the Prison’s Dilemma. The more…

Although there are numerous international relations theories that exist within the world today, not many clash like neorealism and idealism do. Where neorealists see a world full of actors focused on achieving power for survival, idealists see many actors attempting to achieve that same survival through the use of cooperation instead of force. When neorealists say that power is the best means for survival, idealists assert that survival is not in power, but rather in cooperation and…

What is the war? War is a large-scale confrontation between two or more sides that involves deliberate use of arms and force in order to attain or protect some assets or values. These can be territory, ideology or resources, sovereignty, etc. Confronting groups or states generally have some delineated territory that can be reshaped after the war. Wars usually ended when one of leading groups of opponent either eliminated or surrendered. In international relations, the most necessary concerns are…

Systemic change is when there is a change or shift of the dominant power/powers in an international system. It can be characterized by when hegemony moves from the main hegemonic power to another rising power, or to several other rising powers in the system. Challenges to hegemonic powers that would lead their powers to the hands of others include but are not limited to other powers becoming more economically and technologically advanced the costs of remaining a hegemonic power tend to grow…