Fredrik Barth

In the beginning, there was only Adam and Eve, one people and one identity. At the eleventh generation came Noah’s and that was when we saw the first signs of different people groups. The people all spoke one language on the earth and when they tried to build a tower to reach God, God humbled them by confusing their language so that they did not understand each other and was forced to abandon the project. People dispersed over the face of the earth and hence we saw the separation of people, the birth of different languages, cultures and most importantly people groups or what we now call ethnicity. However, over the centuries, with the advancement of technology, the boundaries of race and ethnicity have changed drastically. Diverse people groups were forced to be unified under one nationality, people groups with same racial background might not share the same ethnicity anymore. In this paper, one will learn how the theory of ethnic identity development created by Jean S. Phinney shapes an adolescent 's ethnic identity in three different stages. Before Jean S. Phinney’s ethnic identity development was created, there were other theories proposed by other professionals in the field of ethnic identity, but they all focused on a single ethnic group. In this theory, Jean S. Phinney was able to relate with all ethnic groups. In her theory, there were three different stages to the development of one’s ethnic identity. The first stage, known us unexamined ethnic identity is where…

maintains the basic dialectical structure that interprets eschatology as the crisis of history. I Robert Jenson: Narrative Overcoming of Crisis The early dialectical theology of Karl Barth and Rudolf Bultmann represent crisis as the historical condition—perhaps even the ‘fallout’—of divine revelation. Crisis names the consequence of the revelation of alien righteousness, wherein the world encounters the eschatological dialectic of divine judgment and grace. Revelation is opposed to history, on…

At the climax of Voltaire’s novel Candide, the main character Candide’s wife Cunegonde is enslaved in another country against her will. “A Bulgarian captain came in, saw me all bleeding, and the solder not in the least disconcerted. The captain flew into a passion at the disrespectful behavior of the brute, and slew him on my body.”(17) This image portrays Cunegonde being sexually abused and rescued by a member of the Bulgarian Army. This depicts the common theme between all of the female…

Globalization of Christianity in the South has been a prime focus and intrigue for the past couple of decades, more so now than before. Concerns regarding the preservation of Christianity rises as Christian influence of the public sphere in the Europe and North America dwindle while the spread of Islam rises. However, there is still hope for the Christian Religion, specifically the Protestant churches as Christianity spreads fervently in continents such as Africa, Asia and South America.…

J.D. Robb is a pseudonym used by Nora Roberts. One hundred and twenty-four of her novels have ranked in the Times bestseller list, including twenty-nine that debuted in the number-one spot. Some of her books have made it to movies such as Sanctuary and Magic Moments. Nora Roberts has made a name for herself in the romance shelf in stores. She has a book series named In Death that has over forty books. Most of those are best sellers. If you want to read a great future, homicide cop book Naked in…

Celie slipped into Mr. Cunnington’s classroom, tip-toed while hugging the wall, and glided towards Mr. Cunnington’s “executive” desk at the back right corner of the rectangular room. She paused, then crouched her petite figure behind the cool metal surface of the desk and leaned against the rugged wall that might’ve been white once upon a time, and sighed. It wasn’t everyday Celie made it this far, the trek across the room was fatal to anyone that arrived late. By now, Celie may have already…

impossible and complicated to know when the barriers become open, and allow free interactions to take place (Tilly 2005: 7, 32). Secondly, he warned that sometimes it becomes unclear to detect when the boundaries lose their importance and values. This uncertainty state about the tight closeness between confinements and the society members can be confusing, since one can never know how deep the bound is and a slight mistake can be the origin of complex difficulties in the society. Tilly clarifies…

reside beyond these boundaries. With nation-states or imagined communities, the term “the Other” becomes relevant to issues of immigration as it represents groups of individuals who are excluded from a community due to arbitrary characteristics such as their appearance, language, or religion (Robbins et al., 2013, 212). Robbins et al. argue that nation building embraces symbolic barriers such as written proficiency, shared values, and proper health conditions that perpetuate the exclusion of…

fruitfully applied to my proposed ethnographic examination of the co-production of ‘sexual outlaws’, with its implications for understanding queer Muslim inter-ethnic cross-border communities of social practice. My inquiry furthers the limited anthropological literature on the triangle of Northern Oman, the UAE, and Iranian Hormozgan and aims to contribute to discussions of sexuality, ethnicity, and language as a complex nexus that generates a myriad of nuanced interpretations by posing…

different shape and form. Susan argues the core of nationalism ideas is that “nations are objective realities, existing through history”. Reynolds employs the word ‘regnal’ to refer to the collective loyalties that existed within kingdoms during the medieval period – somewhat equivalent to modern nationalism. John Armstrong discussion is basically focused on the notion that the modern phenomenon of nations is not something unprecedented, it is rather a product of longer cycle of ethnic…