Cranial nerves

Important Pathways to recognize prior to understanding clinical complications and scenarios: Lingual Nerve Pathway: CNV3 → Lingual Nerve (+Chorda Tympani from Facial Nerve) →Submandibular Ganglion Inferior Alveolar Nerve Pathway: CNV3 Mandibular Nerve → Inferior Alveolar Nerve →Inferior Dental Nerves → Mental Nerve (+ Nerve to Mylohyoid) Lingual Artery Pathway: External Carotid Artery→ Lingual Artery → Sublingual Artery, Deep Lingual Artery, Dorsal Lingual Artery Inferior Alveolar Artery…

Amplitude, complexity and frequency. We process sounds through their timbre, pitch and how loud the sound is. The tiny hairs inside our ears, called cilia, move with the sound that is happening outside and stimulate a special nerve in your brain called the auditory nerve. Your ears are two of the most complex parts of your body. They have three portions, and only one that you can actually see. The soft skin and cartilage that you can touch, and even pierce for earrings, is called the auricle…

neurons communicate. According to Carlson (2014) the Nervous system is branched into two categories - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS holds cranial nerves, spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia. According to Farley, Johnstone, Hendrey and McLafferty (2014), the brain is portioned into six different sections. These divisions consist of the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum,…

activates gustatory nerve fibers and Type III cells by binding to the P2X (on nerve fibers) or P2Y (Type III cells) receptors and also binds to purinergic receptors (P2Y) on Type II cells and promotes further release of ATP,…

trunk lateral flexion to the left showing 2/5. The strength on the left side of his body could not be assessed to high tone. During the cranial nerve testing, cranial nerve I showed impairment in the right nostril causing inability to smell. There was nystagmus during the H-test. Slight deviation of the tongue during the assessment of the hypoglossal nerve was also observed. Reflexes were normal on the right, but the left biceps triceps and brachioradialis showed exaggerated…

Via cranial nerves it stimulates responses that are reflexive such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and salivating. Some sensory information is passed through this area of the brain from the cranial nerves and then relayed to higher structures of the brain like the thalamus. If this part of the brain does not function properly than the results could be fatal…

By Jonas Wilson, Ing. Med. Surgical Options for Facial Palsy Facial nerve palsy arises due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve, which is known as the facial nerve. This damage may be due to injury, inflammation, infection, trauma or tumors. The resulting clinical presentation is drooping of the face or weakness of the facial muscles that may be uni- or bilateral. Managing facial nerve palsy may necessitate the use of pharmacotherapy, surgery and physiotherapy. There are numerous surgical…

(Hajar). They would examined sensory nerves, motor nerves, and tendons in order to understand their functional differences. Around the 2nd century Galen of Pergamon, a Greek physician. Conducted animal experiments in the areas of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology; he is the first to describe the complexities of the cardio system, and he also then found discoveries on brain and spinal cord function. In which he found seven out of the twelve cranial nerves (“Discover”). Also in the 18th…

closure is very complex and it can be disrupted.(2) When the backbone fails to form or close completely, spina bifida is the result.(1) This lack of closure can occur anywhere along the spine.(1) The location, size, and whether the spinal cord and nerves are affected determines the severity of physical and cognitive disabilities.(1) Spina bifida occurs in about 1,500 live births per year in the United States. Hispanic women have the highest rate of births of babies with spina bifida (3.8…

ARACHNOID CYSTS DESCRIPTION Arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid covered by arachnoidal cells and collagen that may develop between the surface of the brain and the cranial base or on the arachnoid membrane, one of the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. CAUSES • The exact cause of arachnoid cysts is not known. Researchers believe that most cases of arachnoid cysts are developmental malformations that arise from the unexplained splitting or tearing of the arachnoid…