Categorical imperative

Argument Paper—Argument against Irrationality of Immorality Introduction: In this paper, I will first define the Kantian moral theory. Secondly, I will explain the opposition argument in detail; for a better understanding of Kant’s reasoning. Next, I will explain my disagreement against premise three in Kantian’s argument for the irrationality of immorality that states, “If you obey the principle of universalizability, then you act morally” (Shafer-Landau). Finally, I will close with my overall…

An old proverb says, "Honesty is the best policy." I agree that honesty is a great policy, but not the best one for me. In my opinion, the best policy is justice, justice is the father (root) of honesty and respect; However, honesty doesn't stop being a great policy too. I agree with being honest even though it can hurt a person's feelings, but is not mine or anybodies' fault that the person gets hurt, they get hurt themselves by not admitting the truth or because they don't like it, so I still…

In contemporary philosophical debate, there are hardly any concepts that congregate common agreements as the Justice as Fairness. The moral philosophers-from utilitarians to Kantians-, acknowledged that justice and equality are morally demanded. The contemporary philosophical perspectives on this debate will be referred to the principle of Rawl’s theory of Justice as Fairness. John Rawls has, in miscellaneous works and in his book A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, 1971) protected…

In his collection of essays On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche distinguishes between the moral systems of good/bad and good/evil and describes their origins, as well as problems that arise with the origins of good/evil in order to analyze two different moral systems and their implications. Nietzsche first distinguishes between the two moral systems of good/bad and good/evil in order to draw a contrast. Good/bad is defined as those with power and those without power: the good, like the…

Everyone has a set of morality and standards they will abide by, telling them right from wrong. Moral theory is an attempt to answer moral questions about our actions and what we ought to do. According to John Rawls, “Moral theory is the study of substantive moral conceptions, that is, the study of how the basic notions of the right, the good, and the moral worth may be arranged to form different moral structures (Rawls, pg. 1).” Utilitarianism is a modern theory introduced to us by John Stuart…

Kant’s passage explores the foundations of human cognition. His principal intention was to determine the limits of pure reason and understanding. His ‘grand question’ from the preface to his introduction, The Critique of Pure Reason epitomises ‘what and how much can reason and understanding apart from experience, cognize?’ (Kant et al., n.d.). In other words, he wants to know what reason alone can determine without empiricism. However, Adorno disputes Kant’s main focal point within the passage…

In Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky explores, discusses and compares various different philosophical ideas through many of the main characters, each embodying the essence of a specific philosophy. Two of the main philosophical ideas that Dostoevsky discusses in this novel are Utilitarianism and its sub-philosophy, Hedonism. Utilitarianism attempts to distinguish between the moralities of right and wrong, good and bad. The axiom of this philosophy is the concept that the good is pleasure…

In the Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas claims that there must be a first efficient cause to existence and that therefore a chain of causes cannot infinitely continue. This is also known as Aquinas’ second way. An efficient cause is an agent that brings about a change or an effect. Aquinas uses the term to argue that a first efficient cause is needed in order for there to be existence. I will argue that there can be more than one first cause, since Aquinas never explicitly stated that there is…

Logic is the reasoning assessed on the principles of validity. Emotion is the intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning. The rule of balance defines the way an individual’s morals bristle with prejudice, evaluating their motivation by pride and vanity in the discovery to reach new insights involving logic and one’s plight of present perception. These concepts can be evident with reference to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, a novel-to-play adaption by Simon Stephens,…

The principle that all events, including human actions or the environmental changes are ultimately determined by the causes regarded as external to the wheel and nothing is predetermined. Based on the assumptions which are constrained contradicts the idea of empowerment and minimizes the importance of human action and decision making, because a person is morally responsible for his conduct. Determinism is the modern name coined in the nineteenth century instead of Democritus, similarly the…