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231 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Humanism
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focused on human potential and achievement
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secular
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means worldly or the here and now
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patron (3)
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1. church leaders
2. Renaissance merchants 3. wealthy families |
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perspective
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technique creating three dimensions on a flat surface
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vernacular
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the everyday language of a region or country
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Leonardo da Vinci
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artist that painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
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Raphael
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artist whose worlds focused on the Madonna and child
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Michelangelo
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Painter and sculptor whose sculpture of David stood 18-feet high
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Donatello
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His statue of David was the first nude sculpture since the classical era
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Petrarch
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wrote sonnets about an ideal woman named Laura, and is considered to be the first humanist
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Boccaccio
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greatest work was the Decameron, whish was a series of realistic, off-color stories
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Machiavelli
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wrote The Prince, which stated that morality was of no importance to a ruler. His only concern was to stay in power.
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Florence
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capital of the Italian Renaissance
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Medici
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family was the wealthiest and most powerful during the Italian Renaissance
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Baldassare Castiglioe
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wrote The Courtier, which outlined what a "Renaissance man" should be
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Thomas More
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wrote about an ideal place inhabited by a peace-loving people
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Albrecht Durer
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earliest artiest of the Northern Renaissance who inspired later artists of this region
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Hans Holbein
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Painted portraits for Hentry VIII which were almost photographic in detail
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Jan van Eyck
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the first artist to use oil-based paints
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Pieter Bruegel
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Flemish art reaches its height with this artist's work
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Desiderius Erasmus
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wrote The Praise of Folly, in which, he poked fun at greedy merchants and pompous priests.
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William Shakespheare
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greatest playwright in English language; comedy and tragedy
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Elizabethan Age
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the name for the Renaissance in England
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Johann Gutenberg
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man who recreated the movable type printing press
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Reformation (Causes)
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1. emphasis the individual
2. Printing press 3. rulers resented popes 4. Northern merchants resented paying church taxes 5. Germany divided into many competing states |
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indulgence
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a pardon that released a sinner from performing a penalty imposed by a priest for a sin
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annul
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means "set aside"
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Lutheran
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The first Protestant religious group
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Protestant
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refers to Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches
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Anglican
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another name for the church of England
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Peace of Augsburg
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agreement that the ruler of each German state would decide the religion of his kingdom
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Martin Luther
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stated Reformation by starting 95 Theses and started Luthern Church
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95 Theses
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name of Martin Luther's protest of Catholic church practices
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Johann Tetzel
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frior who was selling pardons to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral
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Henry VIII
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Monarch of England that broke ties with the Catholic Church and created the Church of England
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Elizabeth I
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monarch of England that defeated the Spanish Armada
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predestination
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idea that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved
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theocracy
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government run by religious rulers and politics
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Calvinism
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strict Protestant religion
(John Calvin is founder) (no bright colors, gamble) |
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Presbyterian
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Calvinist church in Scotland (John Knox is founder)
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Anabapist
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religious group name, in Greek, means "baptize again"
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Counter/Catholic Reformation
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a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself
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Jesuits (3 Activites)
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1. Convert non-Christians to Catholics
2. Stop Protestant faith from spreading 3. Founded schools |
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Council of Trent (4 Points)
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1. Indulgences were valid
2. Bible and Church were equally powerful 3. Interpretations from the Church was final. Any other city were heretics 4. Index of forbidden books |
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Ignatius of Loyola
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was the founder of the Jesuit order
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capitalism
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people invest and take money to make a profit off of it
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joint-stock company
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people pull money together in order to minimize risk of losing money (modern day incorroporation)
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mercantalism (2 ways to gain wealth)
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1. Gaining as much gold as possible
2. favorable balance of trade |
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favorable balance of trade
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export more than import
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divine right
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God gives monarch the right to rule
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asiento
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slave trade to Spanish colonies
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Philip II
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most powerful monarch of early age of absolutism (from Spain)
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Spanish Armada (1588)
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great naval fleet that was destroyed by the English
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El Greco & Diego Velazquez
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two great Spanish artist
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Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote)
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wrote Don Quixote, considered 1st modern western novel
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William of Orange
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led the Netherlands to independence from Spain
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Rembrandt
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greatest dutch artist, shading
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Jan Vermeer
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domestic indoor settings-artist
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intendant
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collected taxes and administered justice for French Kings
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skepticism
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idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
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Edict of Nantes
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Treaty that ended the persecution of French Huguenots
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Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
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French monarch who signed the Edict of Nantes
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Cardinal Richelieu
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The leader of France during Louis XII's rule
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Cardinal Mazarin
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Ruler of France during Louis XIV's reign
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Louis XIV (Legacy)
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During his rule the French monarchy is at the height of its power
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Versailles
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Place from which Louis XIV ruled France
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War of Spanish Succession (Treaty of Utrecht)
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Conflict to determine if Philip of Anjou whould become the King of Spain
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Thirty Years' War
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The last religious war in Europe that ended with Portestant princes gaining independence from the Holy Roman Emperor
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Peace of Westphalia
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The peace that ended the Thirty Years War that introduced a new method of peace negotiations
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Maria Theresa
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Powerful monarch or Austria whose daughter becomes Queen of France
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Frederick the Great
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He becomes the great reformer king of Prussia who rivaled Maria Theresa
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Seven Years' War
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Also known as the French and Indian War (established England's complete control over India and the French territories of North America)
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Junkers
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Prussia's landowning nobility
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Westernization (How was Russia different? & How did Russia change?)
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1. introduced potatoes (change)
2. started Russia's first newspater and edited ites first issue himself 3. raised women's status by having them attend social gatherings 4. ordered the nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions 5. advanced education by opening a school of navigation and introducing schools for the arts and sciences. |
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boyars
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Russia's landowning nobles
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Time of Troubles
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Period of time after Ivan the Terrible's son dies leaving Russia without a heir
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Grand Embassy
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A long visit the Peter the Great took to Western Europe
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Ivan III (3 accomplishments)
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1. overthrew mongal rule of Russia
2. Centralize government in Russia 3. Began to take over territory around Moscow |
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Ivan the Terrible/Ivan IV
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His reign can be divided into a "good period" and "bad period." Also the first Russian leader to use the title "czar"
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Peter the Great
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Monarch who modernized Russia by creating a professional army and placing the Russian Orthodox church under state control
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Michael Romanov
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He is the first ruler of his dynasty
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cabinet
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group of government ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions
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habeas corpus
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Gives everyone the right to a trial
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constitutional monarchy
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where laws limit the power of a monarch
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English Civil War
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War in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy
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St. Petersburg
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The warm water seaport that Peter the Great had built to connect Russia to Europe
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Oliver Cromwell
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Puritan general that rules England as a dictator
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James I
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King of Scotland and England that ordered a new translation of the Bible
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Charles I
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English monarch who was executed for treason
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Restoration
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When Charles II restored the monarchy of England
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Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless overthrow of King James II
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Petition of Rights (4 Points)
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(He refers to Charles I)
1. He would not imprison subjects without due cause 2. He would not levy taxes without Parliament's consent 3. He would not house soldiers in private homes 4. He would not impose martial law in peacetime |
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1689 Bill of Rights
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created a list of restrictions on the English monarchy
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Whigs/Tories
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first two political parties in England
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Renaissance & Age of Exploration (How did they influence the Scientific Revolution?)
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1. new technology
2. ships 3. discoveries |
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geocentric theory
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earth is the center of the universe
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heliocentric theory
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sun is the center of the universe
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Scientific Revolution
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new way philosphers examined the world around them
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scientific method
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observation, experament, conclustion, ect.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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astronomer whose observations of the skies led him to accept the idea that the Earth revolves around the sun and whose observations of society led him to keep his observations and findings to himself until very late in life
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Galileo
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Scientist who discovered the law of the pendulum and that Jupiter has many moons
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Isaac Newton
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mathematician and physicist who combined the theories and discoveries of earlier Enlightenment scientists under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation
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Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes
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developed scientific method; Rene-based on mathematics
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Edward Jenner
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1st vaccine for small pox
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Robert Boyle
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Is considered to bet the father of modern Chemistry and his theory explains the relationship between volume, temperature, and pressure of gas
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4 new scientific instruments
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1. thermometer
2. barometer 3. telescope 4. microscope |
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social contract
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People make an agreement with government to protect the rights and if they don't you can get rid of them
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Philosophe (5 concepts of belief)
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1. Progress
2. liberty 3. nature 4. reason 5. happiness |
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Thomas Hobbes
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said people are naturally selfish so they need a strong government to keep order
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John Locke
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Philosopher that believed the purpose of government is to protect people's natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
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Voltaire
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Philosophe whose use of satire to criticize the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government of France got him thrown in prison and exiled
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Montesquieu
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Philosophe who proposed, in on the spirit of the laws, that the separation of powers keeps any individual or group form gaining total control of a government
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Philisophe who, in The Social Contract, argued that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness
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Cesare Baccaria
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Philosopher whose criticisms of torture and other common abuses of justice led to reforms in the criminal justice system of Europe and Northern America
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Political thinker who, in a vindication of the Rights of Women, argued for equal political rights for women and for the education of women
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salon
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social gatherings of Early Enlightenment
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enlightened despot (3)
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1. Catherine the Great
2. Fredrick the Great 3. Joseph II |
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baroque
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style of art that was considered to be grand or ornate
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neoclassical
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new classical
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Mozart
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great composer of classical time, wrote operas
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Beethoven
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great pianist transititioned from neoclassical to the age of romantism
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Denis Diderot
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Philosophe who edited and published the encyclopedia
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Samuel Richardson
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English writer who, in works such as Pamela, developed many of the features of the modern novel
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federal system
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seperation of powers between federal and state government
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causes of the French Revolution (5)
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1. Bad leadership from Louis XVI
2. low economy 3. success of American Revolution 4. Enlightenment ideas 5. resentment from lower class |
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old regime
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old system of government where 3 states would meet, they they vote
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estates-general (3)
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1. Catholic church-1%
2. nobles-2% 3. Population: bourgeoisie, peasants, urban workers-97% |
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National Assembly
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creation of this assembly was the first deliberate act of the revolution
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Tennis court oath
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Pledge by the third estate not to leave until a new constitution was written
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Great Fear
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wave of senseless violence that spread throughout France after the storming of the Bastille
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Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
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King and Queen of France during French Revolution (both executed)
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Legislative assembly
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2nd assembly of revolution, created consitutional monarchy
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emigre
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nobles who fled France during the peasant uprisings
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sans-culotte
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this was the radical group named for the style of breeches its members wore
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Jacobin
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most radical group of French revolution (controlled Reign of Terror)
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guillotine
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device to which many people lost their lives to during the French Revolution
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Reign of Terror
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year long period of chaos in which approximately 40,000 people were killed in France
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Jean-Paul Marat
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radical revolutionary that was fatally stabbed by another revolutionary
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Georges Danton
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member of Jacobin (executed)
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Maximilien Robespierre (Committee of Public Safety)
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Government agency responsible for determining whether or not a person was an enemy of the republic
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coup d'etat
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a sudden seizure of power
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plebiscite
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a vote of the people
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lycee
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government- run public schools
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concordat
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an agreement between Napoleon and the Pope
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Napoleonic Code
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napoleon's greatest accomplishment
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Battle of Trafalgar
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this defeat forced Napoleon to give up his ambitions to invade England
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Napoleon Bonaparte (3 Major Mistakes)
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1. Invasion of Russia
2. Continental System 3. Peninsular War (worst mistake)-lost alot of men during the winter |
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guerrillas
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band of Spainsh fighters that attacked the French army in Spain
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scorched-earth policy
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the destruction of grain fields and livestock so as to leaving nothing for an enemy to eat.
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Hundred Days
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term that refers to Napoleon's last attempt for power
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Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless overthrow of King James II
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Petition of Rights (4 Points)
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(He refers to Charles I)
1. He would not imprison subjects without due cause 2. He would not levy taxes without Parliament's consent 3. He would not house soldiers in private homes 4. He would not impose martial law in peacetime |
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1689 Bill of Rights
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created a list of restrictions on the English monarchy
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Whigs/Tories
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first two political parties in England
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Renaissance & Age of Exploration (How did they influence the Scientific Revolution?)
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1. new technology
2. ships 3. discoveries |
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geocentric theory
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earth is the center of the universe
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heliocentric theory
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sun is the center of the universe
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Scientific Revolution
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new way philosphers examined the world around them
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scientific method
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observation, experament, conclustion, ect.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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astronomer whose observations of the skies led him to accept the idea that the Earth revolves around the sun and whose observations of society led him to keep his observations and findings to himself until very late in life
|
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Galileo
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Scientist who discovered the law of the pendulum and that Jupiter has many moons
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Isaac Newton
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mathematician and physicist who combined the theories and discoveries of earlier Enlightenment scientists under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation
|
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Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes
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developed scientific method; Rene-based on mathematics
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Edward Jenner
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1st vaccine for small pox
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Robert Boyle
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Is considered to bet the father of modern Chemistry and his theory explains the relationship between volume, temperature, and pressure of gas
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guillotine
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device to which many people lost their lives to during the French Revolution
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Reign of Terror
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year long period of chaos in which approximately 40,000 people were killed in France
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Jean-Paul Marat
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radical revolutionary that was fatally stabbed by another revolutionary
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Georges Danton
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member of Jacobin (executed)
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Maximilien Robespierre (Committee of Public Safety)
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Government agency responsible for determining whether or not a person was an enemy of the republic
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coup d'etat
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a sudden seizure of power
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plebiscite
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a vote of the people
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lycee
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government- run public schools
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concordat
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an agreement between Napoleon and the Pope
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Napoleonic Code
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napoleon's greatest accomplishment
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Battle of Trafalgar
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this defeat forced Napoleon to give up his ambitions to invade England
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Napoleon Bonaparte (3 Major Mistakes)
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1. Invasion of Russia
2. Continental System 3. Peninsular War (worst mistake)-lost alot of men during the winter |
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guerrillas
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band of Spainsh fighters that attacked the French army in Spain
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scorched-earth policy
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the destruction of grain fields and livestock so as to leaving nothing for an enemy to eat.
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Hundred Days
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term that refers to Napoleon's last attempt for power
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Battle of Waterloo
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site of Napoleon's final defeat
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Elba/St. Helena
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first island that Napoleon was exiled to. 2nd island Napoleon died
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Congress of Vienna (effects)
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1. 40 years of peace
2. rise or growth of nationalism 3. growth of alliance systems |
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Klemens von Metternich (3 goals)
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1. Legitimacy
2. restore balance of power 3. weaken France |
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balance of power
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means that no country would be a threat to others
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legitimacy
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agreement that as many as possible of the rulers whom Napoleon had driven from power should be restored to their thrones
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Holy Alliance (3)
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1. Russia
2. Prussia 3. Austria |
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Concert of Europe
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a series of alliances that assured that the nations of Europe would come to one another's aid if any revolutions broke out.
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Agriculutural Revolution (Influence on Industrialization)
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1. Enclosures
2. new technology 3. crop rotation |
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enclosure
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large fields that were used to experiment in order to discover more productive farming methods to boost crop yields
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industrialization (natural reasources) (3)
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1. iron ore
2. water 3. coal |
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Drawbacks-early industrialization (3)
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1. Disease
2. unsanitary 2. poor living conditions |
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factors of production (3)
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1. land
2. labor 3. capital |
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factory
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where items were produced during Industrial revolution (built near streams/rivers)
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entrepreneur
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business
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textile industry
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first industry to be Industrialized
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urbanization
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city building and the movement of people to cities
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middle class
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product of Industrial revolution (wealth but no power)
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stock
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are certain rights of ownership in a company
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corporation
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a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
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laissez faire
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means to "let do" or "let people do as they please"
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utilitarianism
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belief that the government policies should bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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socialism
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in this type of economic system, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
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Communism/Marxism
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founded by Carl Marx - everyone is equal in society
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union
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a voluntary association of workers who work for reforms in their work place
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strike
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means "refusal to work"
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collective bargaining
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when employees negotiate with employers for better pay and working conditions
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Adam Smith (3 natural laws of economics)
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1. law of self-interest
2. law of competition 3. law of supply and demand |
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David Ricardo
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believed there would always be a permanent underclass of poor workers because large populations would keep wages down
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Thomas Malthus
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argued that without wars and epidemics the population would be so high that people would be destined to be poor and miserable
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John Steward Mill
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built utilitarianism
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Robert Owen
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factory owner who improved working and living conditions, offered free schooling, and prohibited children under the age of ten from working
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Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (Communist Manifesto)
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document they wrote, which outlined their ideas about government and society
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William Wilberforce
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member of the English Parliament that fought for the end of slavery and the slave trade
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Jane Addams
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set up Hull Houses to serve the needs of immigrants and train social workers
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Horace Mann
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favored a free public education for all children
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industrialization (long-term improvements for society)
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1. living conditions for the average worker
2. educational opportunities 3. affordability of consumer goods |
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imperialism
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control over weaker nations
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Social Darwinism
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survial of the fittest (in nations-racists)
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Berlin Conference
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Europeon countries divided Africa
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Reasons for African Colonization (4)
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1. Social Darwinism
2. Economic competition 3. National pride 4. desire to Christianize non-Europeon countries |
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Nationalism
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a strong devotion or patriotism toward one's country
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Militarism
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Policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's plan for a quick end to fighting in France, during WWI
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Fourteen Points
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President Wilson's plan for peace in WWI
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League of Nations
|
organization created, at the end of WWI, to try and maintain world peace
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Allies (6)
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1. Japan
2. Italy 3. France 4. Great Britain 5. Russia 6. United States |
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Central Powers (4)
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1. Germany
2. Austria-Hungary 3. Bulgaria 4. Ottoman Empire |
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Treaty of Versailles (3 Ways Germany was Punished)
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1. Sole blame: paid $33 billion
2. lost all colonies 3. could not make/have imported weapons |
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New Weapons of WWI (5)
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1. Posion gas
2. airplane 3. machine guns 4. submarine 5. tanks |
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Causes of WWI (5)
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1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism 3. Militarism 4. Alliances 5. murder of FranzFerdinand |
