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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Particulate radiation |
High energy electrons, neutrons, and protons that produce ionization in matter by direct Atomic Collisions Ionizing radiation is grouped as either this or electromagnetic radiation |
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Alpha particle |
Contains two protons and two neutrons, is equivalent to a helium nucleus, and is emitted from the nuclei of heavy elements as they undergo radioactive decay. It has a great mass and a positive charge |
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Alpha particle |
Can travel about 5 cm. As a result, from external sources, they are essentially harmless |
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Beta particle |
Identical to an electron, except it is admitted from the nuclei of radioactive materials. It is very light and negatively charged |
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Beta particle |
Are capable of traveling approximately 10 to 100 cm in air |
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Photoelectric absorption |
An interaction between X-rays and matter characterized by an incident electron with slightly greater energy than the binding energy of the electrons in the inner shells, ejecting an electron from the inner shell while being absorbed in the reaction, resulting in an ionized atom |
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Compton scattering |
An interaction between X-rays and matter characterized by an incident x-ray Photon interacting with a Loosely bound outer shell electron, resulting in removal of the electron from the shell, which then proceeds in a different direction as a scattered photon. Also known as a Compton effect |
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National Council on radiation protection and measurements |
NCRP |
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Roentgen (R) |
Term used to describe the measurement related to exposure; the unit of exposure in air; the quality of x-rays or gamma rays required to produce a given amount of ionization in a unit mass of air Used for specifying exposure |
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Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) |
Term used to describe the measurement related to the absorbed dose of radiation; unit of absorbed energy or dose applicable to any material; 100 ergs of energy absorbed in one gram of absorbing material
Use for specifying energy absorbed Replaced by the gray (Gy) 1 gray = 100 rads |
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Radiation equivalent in man (REM) |
Term used to describe the measurement of the biological equivalent dose |
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Kerma |
Kinetic energy released in matter
The energy imparted directly to electrons per unit Mass SI unit: gray |
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Air kerma |
The kinetic energy released per unit of mass air |
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Integral dose |
The total amount of energy imparted to matter; the product of dose and the mass over which the energy is imparted |
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Effective dose |
The sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues and organs; used to measure the radiation and organ system specific damage in humans |
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Activity |
Describes the quantity of radioactive material;
expressed as the number of radioactive atoms that undergo Decay per unit time
Used to measure the amount of radioactive material as it undergoes decay SI unit: becquerel (Bq) |
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Integral dose |
Describes the total amount of energy imparted to matter. It is a product of the dose and the mass over which the energy is imparted |
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Equivalent dose |
Is the product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue due to radiation and radiation weighting Factor |
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Quality Factor |
Radiation weighting Factor, specific to specific types of radiation. Accounts for the biological effectiveness of the specific |
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Effective dose (E) |
Is the sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissue and organs |
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Curie (Ci) |
unit of activity |
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Becquerel (Bq) |
the SI unit for activity |
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Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter |
Measures radiation that passes through a thin strip of aluminum oxide. A laser light stimulates the aluminum oxide, which becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure |
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film badge dosimeter |
Two pieces of film having different sensitivities to x-rays contained within a light, tight envelope. The film emulsion darkens in response to the radiation exposure received |
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Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) |
Small chips of thermoluminescent material, usually lithium fluoride. When exposed to radiation, the chips enter a metastable state. When exposed to heat they give off visible light |
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Pocket dosimeter |
A personal use ionization chamber. When exposed to radiation, ionization occurs in the chamber, which neutralizes a positively charged electrode that will appear as movement of an exposure scale |
