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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethnic enclaves are: a. ethnic peoples coexisting, and participating in common institutions b. those who share a common cultural background and a common sense of identity c. those who hold the greatest power but not necessarily the greatest numbers d. neighbourhoods where individuals form similar cultural lives together and assert cultural distinction from the dominant group |
D bah |
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The belief that "All Newfies are stupid" is an example of: a. stereotype b. prejudice c. discrimination d. racism |
a |
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With regard to race and ethnicity, a symbolic interactionist would most likely argue that: a. racism is the result of one group wanting to maintain its power and advantage over another b. symbols and language are important in the production/reproduction of racism c. inequality between racial groups has a social purpose d. racism provides incentives that prompt people to take on important social roles |
B |
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What is sustainable development? a. it is concerned with the reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments b. it recognizes that there is a relationship between people and their physical environment c. it is the belief that economic development and environmental protection are compatible goals d. it is the belief that humans are the most significant species in nature |
C |
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The class system IS NOT found in which of the following countries? a. Canada b. India c. Great Britain d. United States |
B |
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In Rostow's Modernization Theory, a characteristic of the drive to maturity phase is: a. mass consumption of consumer durables b. high economic growth and investment in infrastructure c. broad manufacturing/commercial base develops d. traditional values and subsistence economy |
C |
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When Lorde sings about "Jet planes, islands, tigers on a gold leash," she is most likely referring to which sociological concept? a. Status symbol b. ascribed status c. achieved status d. status set |
A |
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Who are the wealthy of society, coming from a privileged class who own businesses and land? a. rentiers b. borgeois c. petite borgeois d. entrepreneurs |
A |
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Which of the following is NOT a principle of social stratification? a. it is a characteristic of individuals and not society b. it is universal but variable c. it is supported by patterns of belief d. it persists over generations |
A |
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Socially determined behaviours expected of a person performing a role is known as: a. role performance b. role conflict c. role expectation d. role strain |
C |
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Pattern of relationships and interactions that endure through generations. |
Social Structure |
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Group of people who share a common economic condition, interest, or relationship to the means of production |
class |
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Those individuals with similar access to power, wealth, and prestige |
social class |
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Particular social position that an individual holds |
social status |
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entered into automatically without choice, usually at birth |
ascribed status |
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Acquired through one's own individual actions and accomplishments in life |
achieved status |
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Combination of all statuses for an individual |
status set |
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overrides other status characteristics in terms of how others view an individual |
master status |
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material items used to display one's status |
status symbols |
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cluster of behavioural expectations associated with particular social position, within a group or society |
role |
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socially determined behaviours expected of a person performing a role |
role expectations |
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Actual role behavor, though it does not always match expectations |
role performace |
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situation in which the behavioural expectation associated with one role is inconsistent with those associated with another concurrent role |
role conflict |
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competing demands built into a single role that may cause tension and stress |
role strain |
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A group of statuses and roles that are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society. There are five basic ______ ____________ that are necessary for a society to survive: |
Social Institution 1) family 2) education 3) religion (bullshhht) 4) government 5) economic system |
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Mechanical Solidarity, Organic Solidarity Division of Labour, all based on the work of _________. |
Emile Durkheim |
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Type of community bonding usually found in traditional society leading to a sense of solidarity based on these common experiences, values, and beliefs |
Mechanical Solidarity |
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Occurs when individuals live in a society with a diverse division of labout |
Organic Solidarity |
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The many different jobs individuals hold which forces individuals to depend on one another for survival |
Division of labour |
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Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft Based on the work of _______ |
Tonnies |
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Society where live is intimate and the community shares a sense of togetherness. Typified by rural, peasant societies. |
Gemeinschaft |
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Society is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual relationships, and self interest. Typified by modern, cosmopolitan societies. |
Gesellschaft
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Two or more individuals who interact regularly, shared expectations and have a common identity. Occurs through social interactionL ways people behave and communicate in social situations. |
Social Groups |
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Any group that a person belongs to and identifies with |
in group |
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any group that the person does not belong to or identifies with |
out group |
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feeling that ones in group is superior to oters |
in group bias |
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characterized by long periods of direct and personal interactions. Relationships are intimate and face-to-feace |
primary groups |
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Temporary and impersonal interactions and personal involvement is casual and limited |
Secondary groups |
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Exist only under specific conditions |
Bounded relationships |
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Individual or group with whom one identifies and whose attitudes and values they adopt |
Reference Group |
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Group of two people. Smallest and strongest group. |
Dyad |
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Group of three people. More formality but less intimacy |
Triad |
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Behavioural mode that leaders use to influence group members |
Leadership styles |
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Leaders who determine the group policies and assign tasks. |
Autocratic |
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Leaders who strive to set group policy by discussion and agreement |
Democratic |
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Laissez-Faire |
leaders that lead by absence and may not want to be leaders at all |
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Individuals follow because they must |
Positional leaders |
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individuals follow because they want to |
permission leaders |
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individuals follow because of what the leader has done for the organization |
production leaders |
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individuals follow because of what the leader has done for them |
developmental leaders |
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individuals follow because of who the leader is and who the leader repreents |
personhood leaders |
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Degree to which one alters their behaviour, attitudes, and points of view to fit into a perceived expectation of what is considered to be appropriate |
conformity |
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situation in which group decisions are made without objective though. More likely to occur when the following conditions are present: Cohesiveness threats strong leader |
Groupthink |
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The individual and collective resources available to an individual |
Social Capital |
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Direct and indirect associations that link people and groups |
Social networks |
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consists of relatives and family members |
kinship networks |
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friends and acquaintances |
friendship networks |
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various formal and informal groups and organizations |
organizational networks |
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Subtype of secondary groups that have a collective goal or purpose |
organizations |
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individuals receive wages in exchange for work |
utilitarian organization |
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exists to achieve a worthwhile goal |
normative organization |
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individuals are forced to join |
coercive organization |
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designed to achieve specific objectives and built for maximum efficiency |
formal organization |
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organization that offers no pay but expands one's social network |
voluntary association |
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organizations have 3 qualities to ensure operation: 1. tasks are clearly defined/divided; members understand their roles and expectations 2. power is concentrated in the hands of a few, who use it to control the agency 3. membership in the organization allows for the replacement of all roles |
1 division of labour 2 concentration of power 3 methods of succession |
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1. Explicit organizational rules, goals, and guidelines 2. Friendships, allegiances, and loyalties among organizational members |
1. formal structure 2. informal structure |
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Social structure made up of a hierarchy of statuses and roles tat is prescribed by explicit rules and procedures and based on a division of function and authority. Characteristics of an ideal-type _________: Division of labour, Hierarchy of positions, formal systems of rules, reliance of written documents, separation of the person from the office, hiring and promotion based on merit, protection of careers |
Bureaucracy
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__________: reasonable actions organizations and bureaucracies take to achieve goals in the most effective way ___________: feeling trapped and turning individuals into little more than robots |
formal rationality iron cage |
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________________: five primary tasks of society that create social structures: 1. adaption and replacement 2. socialization and orientation 3. production and exchange 4. social order 5. unity and purpose |
Functionalists |
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This theoretical perspective views social structure as an arrangement that benefits the dominant class, and maintains stratification and inequality |
Conflict Theorists |
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This theoretical perspective views social structure as patriarchal. There remains a noticeable and persistent difference in wages due to: the likelihood of women working in lower-paying jobs than men; a patriarchal ideology in which differences in wages have been deeply entrenched in the employment system, a fundamentally flawed social structure designed to ensure that work done mainly by women is paid less than work done mainly by men |
Feminist theory |
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This theoretical perspective views social structure as: a focus is on small groups and the types of communication/interaction that occur. |
Symbolic Interactionists |
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________________: individual bubble that insulates us from others Forms of distance: 1. reserved for those with whom we are very close 2. reserved for those with whom we have a normal conversation 3. reserved for more formal settings 4. reserved for highly formal settings |
Personal Space 1. intimate 2. personal 3. social 4. public |
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Ranking of people and the rewards they receive based on key social factors |
social stratification |
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set of cultural beliefs that justifies various social arrangements |
ideology |
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systems societies use to rank different groups |
social stratification systems |
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Characteristics of _______ _________: it is a characteristic of society and not individuals it is universal but variable it persists over generations it is supported by patterns of belief |
social stratification |
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A system in which one individual has complete control over another person |
slavery |
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individual is considered to be property |
chattel slavery |
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debtor is housed and fed by his/her lender |
debt bondage |
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individual signs a work contract and receives food and shelter through an employer. It is conduced under the facade of a legal contract. |
Contract slavery |
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A system in which an individuals position is fixed as either power/privilege or disadvantage. There is no opportunity for social mobility. |
Caste System |
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Stratification based on both birth and individual achievement. There are opportunities for social mobility. |
Class system. |
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Individuals always organize in opposition to, and around, the relation to the means of production. |
Marx |
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He said economic class is not the only criterion for ranking within the social structure |
Weber |
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Wealthy of society, coming from a privileged class who own businesses and land |
rentiers |
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business class who must work to maintain their place |
entrepreneurs |
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own small businesses |
petit bourgeoisie |
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managers of businesses/government agencies |
Bureaucrats |
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work for their wages including craftspeople, semi-skilled manual workers, and unskilled workers |
labourers |
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Ranking of countries that highlight the social and economic inequality throughout the world |
global stratification |
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represents the value of the goods and services produced by a country |
Gross National Income |
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Measurement of income inequality |
Gini index |
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Measure of achievement based on life expectancy, educational attainment, and standard of living |
Human Development Index |
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Means that individuals lack the basic necessities of life |
absolute poverty |
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Means that individuals can survive, but do so far below the general living standards of the society under consideration |
relative poverty |
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Rostow's Modernization Theory: _________: characterized by poverty, primary production, traditional values, and subsistence economy. |
Traditional society. |
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Rostow's Modernization Theory: _________: investment in technology and infrastructure allow for greater agriculture production |
pre-conditions for take-off |
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Rostow's Modernization Theory: _________: increasing industrialization in limited areas (e.g., food or textiles), high economic growth and investment in infrastructure |
take off |
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Rostow's Modernization Theory: _________: broad manufacturing/ commercial base is developed. Industry becomes diversified. |
Drive to maturity. |
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Rostow's Modernization Theory: _________: high output levels, mass consumption of consumer durables, and increased employment in service sector. (pretty much where we are now). |
High mass consumption |
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World Systems Theory: _________: control world trade and monopolise manufactured goods. They are the developed countries |
Core States |
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Unequal human and territorial relationship based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance |
imperialism |
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World Systems Theory: _________: urban areas like the core but also large areas of rural poverty like the periphery |
semi-peripheral states |
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World Systems Theory: _________: labour intensive economic production, often linked to resource extraction relying on low-skilled and low-wage labour |
Peripheral states |
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World Systems Theory: _________: underemployed countries that have little interaction with the rest of the system |
external states |
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Process in which powerful nations use loans and economic power to maintain control over poorer nations |
neo-colonialism |
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complex process by which the word and its traditional economy are becoming more intertwined |
globalization |
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He said capitalism in Northern Europe developed due to the protestant ethic. It encouraged people to develop their own businesses, to engage in trade, and to accumulate wealth for investment. |
Weber |
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Purchasing of expensive goods and services primarily for the purpose of putting wealth on display |
conspicuous consumption |
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Phenomenon in which women represent disproportionate percentages of the world's poor. |
Feminization of poverty |
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Money received for work or investments |
income |
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one's material possessions |
wealth |
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divides the population into five income groups |
Quintile |
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Temporary state when one loses a job for a short time |
transitional poverty |
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when one lacks stable employment |
marginal poverty |
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represents poverty that is chronic and multi-generational. |
Residual poverty |
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These key factors influence the impact of ______ on families: 1. depth |
poverty |
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Based on the percentage of income devoted to daily necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing. |
Low-income Cut-offs (LICO) |
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Set of figures representing 50% of the median adjusted family income, which is based on a consideration of the varying needs of families of different sizes. |
Low-Income measures (LIMs) |
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Based on an imaginary basket of market-priced goods and services, and identifies the income needed to purchase the items in the basket |
Market-based measure (MBM) |
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Small group of individuals who hold immense power in a society. In Canada they consist of the businesses, government, and media. |
Power Elite |
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Level of esteem associated with one's status and social standing. |
Prestige |
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Movement of individuals from one social class to another during their lifetime. Ability to move up a social class in capitalist societies is limited. |
Social mobility |
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Movement between positions within the same rank/status category. |
Horizontal |
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Movement up and down the hierarchy (a teacher becoming a principal) |
vertical |
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Changing social standing during one's lifetime |
intra-generational mobility |
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changing individuals make from one class to the next through generations |
inter-generational mobility |
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Occurs when social changes affect large numbers of people |
structural mobility |
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Within a country, each social class contains a relatively fixed number of people. |
Exchange mobility |
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Those who get ahead do so through their own merit |
meritocracy arguement |
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most people agree about the relative social value of particular roles |
functional theory of stratification |
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A type of theory. Includes Marx: inequality is rooted in those who have control of property. Turin: inequality is rooted in a system that is more likely to reward one based on where they start rather than their abilities |
Conflict theory |
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A type of theory where focus is placed on the way in which people perceive the labels of wealth and poor through social interaction |
symbolic interactionalism |
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Assumption that a women's role is in the household is to provide unpaid work |
breadwinner ideology |
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Study of population size and composition |
demography |
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number of children that a female would have over the course of her reproductive life |
total fertility rate |
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number of births per 1000 people per year |
crude birth rate |
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fertility rate that must be maintained to replace a population in the absence of migration |
Generational Replacement levels |
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Population prediction that suggests the population will exceed the available food supply because populations grow at geometric rates while food supplies grow at arithmetic rates |
Malthusian Theory |
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Factors that rise the death rate and therefore reduce a population |
Positive checks |
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Factors that reduce the birth rate and therefore reduce a population |
preventative checks |
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People control their own fertility as they move from agrarian to industrial societies |
demographic transition theory |
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Recognizes that there is a relationship between people and their environment |
Human Ecology |
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Concerned with the reciprocal relationship between societies and their environments |
Environmental sociology |
