Sociology Chapters 1-4

Front 1

Sociological Imagination is how ___________, coined by who?

Back 1

how social forces influence the lives of individuals, C. Wright Mills

Front 2

Debunking is _________, coined by __________

Back 2

looking beyond the obvious explanation to seek a deeper explanation, Peter Berger

Front 3

Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Robert Merton, and Talcott Parsons all study _________.

Back 3

Functionalism: slow change, strong social values, society is a system of inter-related parts.

Front 4

Social laws are ________, coined by ________

Back 4

statements that are unchanging, Auguste Comte

Front 5

Social Statics are ________, coined by ________

Back 5

existing structural elements in society, Auguste Comte

Front 6

Social Dynamics are ________, coined by ________

Back 6

changes in structural elements within society, Auguste Comte

Front 7

Social Darwinism is ________, coined by ________

Back 7

strong societies survive, weak ones become extinct, Herbert Spencer

Front 8

Emile Durkheim believed ________ held societies together

Back 8

solidarity

Front 9

Social Facts are ________, coined by ________

Back 9

social sources or causes of behaviour (gender, ethnicity, marital status), Emile Durkheim

Front 10

Anomie is a condition where ________, coined by ________

Back 10

social norms are weak or come in conflict with one another, Emile Durkheim

Front 11

Manifest functions are ________, coined by ________

Back 11

factors that lead to an expected outcome; example is getting a degree from going to university

Robert Merton

Front 12

Latent functions are ________, coined by ________

Back 12

factors that lead to an unexpected outcome; example is finding a life partner at university

Robert Merton

Front 13

Came up with a theory of everything related to sociology, also came up with inertia: ________

Back 13

Talcott Parsons

Social systems remain at rest if they are at rest and stay in motion if they are already in motion

Front 14

Three criticisms of functionalism macro sociological imagination

Back 14

1) focuses too much on what keeps societies stable, not enough to explain how societies change

2) supports status quo even when it may be harmful

3) fails to assess how inequalities in social class, race, gender cause imbalance in society

Front 15

Karl Marx, W.E.B. DuBois, Ralf Dahrendorf, John Bellamy Foster all study ________

Back 15

Conflict theorists

Front 16

Believed that Marx's 2 class system was no longer relevant in post-capitalist society, arguing that gender and race were also factors

Back 16

Ralf Dahrendorf

Front 17

W.E.B. Dubois coined the term ________

Back 17

double consciousness: sense that minorities must keep a foot in two worlds, one in the majority and one in the minority

Front 18

John Bellamy Foster focused on the ________ aspects of capitalism

Back 18

negative aspects, saying pursuit of wealth often created environmental and global problems

Front 19

Thomas Theorum

Back 19

if a situation is defined as real, it will have real consequences

example: yelling fire and having people react as if there is one

Front 20

George Herbert Mead believed that ________ were the root of society

Back 20

symbols

Front 21

Herbert Blumer believed that how we behaved towards items was based on ________

Back 21

the meanings we ascribed to them. Often from social interactions in society

Front 22

Dramaturgy is defined as ________, and coined by ________

Back 22

All social life is like acting

Erving Goffman

Front 23

________ believed that those with powerful social status give labels to behaviour

Back 23

Howard Becker

Front 24

Symbolic interactionism is criticized because it ignores ________

Back 24

the powerful effects of social structure, focussing too much on the individual

Front 25

First Female Sociologist

Back 25

Harriet Martineau

Front 26

________ turned the focus of feminist sociology towards mothers, public health, and family social work, describing poverty as the result of ignorance and structural barriers

Back 26

Jane Addams

Front 27

The Foremost Canadian Feminist Sociologist, and coined the term Father Tongue

Back 27

Dorothy Smith

Front 28

Four key tenets of Feminist Sociology

Back 28

1) more activist type

2) more interdisciplinary

3) more accepting of many research strategies

4) often mixes sociological theories (except functionalism)

Front 29

The two major criticisms of Feminist Sociology

Back 29

1) it has too much emphasis on the impact on gender on social relations

2) its massive focus on subjectivity has led to accusations that its research methods lack scientific validity

Front 30

________: passing of culture from one generation to the next

Back 30

Cultural Transmission

Front 31

________: elements that are common to all human cultures worldwide

Back 31

Cultural Universals

Front 32

________: speakers of a different language think differently because of differences in languages

Back 32

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Front 33

________ believed that cultural traditions are shaped by historical circumstance

Back 33

Seymour Lipset

Front 34

Performed breaching experiments

Back 34

Garfinkel

Front 35

Informal norms that when violated do not evoke severe moral condemnation

Back 35

Folkways

Front 36

Norms whose violated provoke condemnation and are a community's more important values

Back 36

Mores

Front 37

Too sacred for ordinary individuals to undertake

Back 37

Taboos

Front 38

________ believe that culture serves as an important function in helping societies meet their basic needs and helps to bind people together

Back 38

Functionalists

Front 39

________ believe that values and norms of society reflect the interests of the dominant groups

Back 39

Conflict theorists

Front 40

occurs in childhood and lays foundation that influences self-concept and involvement in social life

Back 40

primary socialization

Front 41

learning that occurs after people have undergone primary socialization and continues throughout life

Back 41

secondary socialization

Front 42

individual learning to conform to the values, norms, and roles associated with a particular society

Back 42

benign socialization

Front 43

pressuring individuals to obey the values, norms, and roles associated with a particular society

Back 43

Coercive socialization

Front 44

A process by which an individual is taught to live among others. It is an active process whereby individuals learn how to become members of society, develop a self, or sense of identity, and learn to participate in relationships with others.

Back 44

Socialization

Front 45

Came up with the looking glass self to provide us with an identity

Back 45

Charles H. Cooley

Front 46

The three steps of the Looking Glass Self

Back 46

1) how our personality and appearance appears to others

2) how other people judge the appearance we think we present

3) we react accordingly based on step two

Front 47

The objective self. Role playing, known retrospectively, occurs after a relationship, a social self.

Back 47

Me

Front 48

The subjective, spontaneous self. Immediate reaction without thought.

Back 48

I

Front 49

Came up with the I-Me self

Back 49

George Herbert Mead

Front 50

Mead's three stages of the self

Back 50

Preparatory phase: imitation of those around them

Play stage: develop communication skills through symbols and role taking

Game stage: children can consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. The generalized other.

Front 51

Attempt to actively control the way others perceive you

Back 51

impression management

Front 52

Area where people maintain appropriate impressions during interactions

Back 52

front stage

Front 53

area where people allow themselves to violate their appropriate impression management performances

Back 53

back stage

Front 54

reaction to embarrassment in the form of either humor, anger, or retreat

Back 54

face-saving work

Front 55

Came up with 8 developmental stages

Back 55

Erikson

Front 56

Came up with 4 cognitive development stages

Back 56

Piaget

Front 57

infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills (birth - 2)

Back 57

sensorimotor stage

Front 58

ability to speak grows rapidly (ages 2-7)

Back 58

preoperational stage

Front 59

children think about objects in the world more than one way and start to make causal connections (age 7-12)

Back 59

concrete operational

Front 60

individuals are able to comprehend abstract thought (ages 12 onward)

Back 60

Formal operational

Front 61

Morality of care theory

Back 61

Carol Gilligan

Front 62

The four agents of socialization

Back 62

family

peers

schools

mass media

Front 63

forms of electronic communication through which users create and share

Back 63

social media

Front 64

content produced, collected, and shared by private citizens

Back 64

Citizen media

Front 65

process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours and abandoning old ones

Back 65

re-socialization

Front 66

Views socialization through interactions in which individuals learn about their culture and create a sense of self

Back 66

symbolic interactionalist

Front 67

stresses the importance of groups working together to create a stable society

Back 67

functionalists

Front 68

socialization as a way to maintain the status quo and to produce/reproduce inequality

Back 68

conflict

Front 69

maintains patriarchy through gender socialization (taught attitudes/behaviours considered appropriate to each sex)

Back 69

feminist