Sociology Chapters 5-7

Front 1

Socialization

Back 1

lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world; from birth to death

Front 2

nature v nurture

Back 2

sociologists generally believe nurture is more important (socialization)

Front 3

feral children

Back 3

isolated/abused children... even a small amount of human contact makes a huge difference

Front 4

micro-level socialization

Back 4

parents teach children, peers influence children - > interaction theory

Front 5

the "I" and the "me"

Back 5

I: basic impulsive human w/drives, needs, feelings
Me: reflected self one develops by considering how others might see oneself

Front 6

the Looking Glass Self

Back 6

reflective process:
1.we imagine how we appear to others
2.others judge our appearance and respond
3.we react to that feedback

Front 7

the Iowa School of symbolic interaction

Back 7

Emphasis on the 'Me' - core self is rooted in social positions - organizations, institutions, etc.

Front 8

rite of passage

Back 8

puberty, driving, voting, school, graduation, marriage....

Front 9

resocialization

Back 9

shedding one or more positions and taking on others; must learn new norms, behaviors, values

Front 10

agents of socialization

Back 10

people, organizations, and institutions that teach us values, beliefs, and behaviors of the culture.
Formal: goal of socialization; have official/legal responsibility to instruct - parents, teachers, religious instructors
Informal:media, books, internet, ads contribute to socialization although that isn't their primary purpose

Front 11

sanctions

Back 11

rewards and penalties that reinforce norms

Front 12

George Herbert Mead

Back 12

'I' and 'Me'; developing a social self occurs in stages: imitation stage, play stage, game stage

Front 13

Barrie Thorne

Back 13

studied kids on the playground - sex segregation begins very young; girls and boys play differently; socialization occurs

Front 14

6 degrees of separation

Back 14

each "starting person" tried to reach a target person 1,000 miles away through common contacts - 1/3 succeeded. most Americans have 500-2500 acquaintances

Front 15

social space/ personal distances

Back 15

1. intimate distance: zero to 18 inches (children-children, child-adult, adults in relationships)
2. personal distance: 18 inches to 4 feet (friends, informal interactions)
3. social distance: 4 to 12 feet (impersonal business relations)
4. public distance: 12 feet + (public figures, formal, high status)

Front 16

dramaturgy

Back 16

life is a play... lines learned through socialization, props, set....

Front 17

characteristic of a group

Back 17

quality & duration of relationships, breadth of activities, subjective pereception of relationships -- two types: primary, secondary

Front 18

anomie

Back 18

state of normlessness; rules for behavior in society break down under extreme stress from rapid social change or conflict

Front 19

Durkheim's types of suicide

Back 19

egoistic: person feels little social bond to group/society, lacks ties (family/friends) that might prevent suicide
anomic: society is in turmoil, lacks clear norms and guidelines for social behavior (ie economic depression)
altruistic suicide: individual willing to die for the group

Front 20

reference groups

Back 20

members act as role models & establish standards against which all members measure their conduct

Front 21

bureaucracy

Back 21

formal organizations governed by impersonal rules; stress efficiency and rational decision making. often involve problems for individuals, may develop problems leading to inefficiency, destruction

Front 22

McDonaldization

Back 22

clone stores/restaurants. efficiency, predictability, calculated, control over employees & customers

Front 23

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Back 23

power becomes concertrated in a small group of leaders (political, business, etc.)

Front 24

role strain

Back 24

person has tension betweeen roles within a single status. ie student status, roles are different assignments

Front 25

role conflict

Back 25

conflict between roles of two+ DIFFERENT statuses - student/parent/worker

Front 26

Merton

Back 26

theory of role strain - difference between society's definition of goals and legitimate ways to attain goals --> deviance

Front 27

deviance

Back 27

violation of social norms

Front 28

stigma

Back 28

disapproved characteristic that discredits a person's claim to a "normal" identity

Front 29

labeling theory

Back 29

behavior is deviant because people say it is.

Front 30

causes of deviance

Back 30

socialization - learned deviance. people make choices that will benefit themselves. people are exposed to opportunities for deviance through peers

Front 31

social control theory

Back 31

people conform to meet others' standards -- internal and external controls

Front 32

differential association

Back 32

learned deviance -- deviance depends on the duration, intensity, priority, and frequency of time spent with the deviant group

Front 33

primary and secondary deviance

Back 33

primary: isolated act
secondary deviance: continued norm violation - deviant identity

Front 34

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 34

people expect deviance, so it happence

Front 35

conflict theory

Back 35

deviance as a result of social inequality or power struggle

Front 36

conflict crime

Back 36

a law is passed that people disagree over - alcohol, mirijuana, gambling, etc.

Front 37

recidivism

Back 37

likelihood that someone who is arrested, convicted, and imprisoned will later be a repeat offender

Front 38

rational choice theory

Back 38

people are concerned with self-interest -- make choices based on pros and cons

Front 39

income v. wealth

Back 39

income: wages, salaries, tips, or rent received
wealth: one's income property and total assets

Front 40

Domhoff's view of power

Back 40

U.S. upper class provides a power structure that represents upper-class interests

Front 41

caste systems

Back 41

rigid ascribed stratification systems -- born into status, stay there for life, status imbedded in religious, political, and economic norms and institutions

Front 42

social class vs. prestige

Back 42

social class: wealth, power, and prestige rankings an individual holds
prestige: esteem and recognition one receives, based on wealth, position, or accomplishments

Front 43

interlocking directorate

Back 43

corporate boards with the same people on them