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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Automony
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The capacityto make decisions independently, serve as ones own source of emotional strengh, and otherwise manage life tasks without being overdependent on other people; an important developmental task of adolescence
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Androgyny
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A gender-role orientation in which the person blends both positive masculine stereotype and positive feminine stereotyped personality traits
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Androgyny shift
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A psychological change that begins in mid-life, when parenting responsibilities are over, in which both men and women retain their gender-type qualities but add to them quanlities traditionally associated with the other sex, thus becoming more androgynous
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empty nest
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the term used to describe the family after the last child departs the house hold
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personality
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the organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors that is unique to each individual
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coparenting
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the extent and mannor in which the two parents coordinate their parenting and function as a term in rlation to their children
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communality
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an orientation that emphasizes the well-being of others and includes traits of emotionally and sensitivity to others; considered femenine
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agency
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an orientation toward individuals action and achievement that emphasizes traits of dominance, independence,assertivness, andcompetitivness; considered masculine
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catergorical self
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a persons classification of the self along socially significant dimessions such as age and sex.. what is "like me" or "not like me"
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temperment
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genetically based patern of tendencies to respond in predictable ways, building blocks of personality such as activity level, socialbility, and emotionality
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family systems theory
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the family is a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each of which affects and is affected by everyt other part, and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole
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nuclear family
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consists of a father, mother, and at least one child
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extended family household
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parents and their children live with other kin- grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews..
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family life cyle theory
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eight-stage sequence of changes in family compostion, roles, and relationships from the time people marry until they die. each stage has a particular set of family member who play distinctive roles
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african american families
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these familes tend to place for emphasis on extended famliy bonds; interact and share responsiblities for raising children
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the two dimensions of parenting styles
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Acceptance- Responsive and Demading-Control (Permissiveness-Restrictiveness)
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Acceptance-Responsive style
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parents are supportive, sensitive to the childs needs and willing to provide affection and praise when their children meet their expectations (affection, praise, encouragement)
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Demanding-Control
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control over decisions relys on the parent. parents set the rules and expect the children to follow them
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Permissiveness-Restrictiveness
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less controlling and demanding parents. make fewer demandsm allow children automony to explore, express opinion and emotion
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Parenting Styles
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Authoritarion, authoritative, permissive, neglectful
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authoritorian
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restictive parenting style. high demanding-control and low acceptace-responsiveness. parents impose rules, expect strict obediance, rarley explain the rules, power and tactices and physical punishment
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authoritative
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flexible demanding and controlling but also accepting and responsive. clear set of rules and consistently enforce them but also explain the rules, communicate and involve children in family descions.
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permissive
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high acceptance- responsivness but low in demanding-control. indulgent with few rules and few demands. encourage children to express feelings and impulses and rarely exet control over behavior
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neglecful
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combine low demanding- control and low acceptance, relatively uninvolved in childs upbringing, seem to not care much, may even reject them
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working class parents
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tend to stress obediance and respect for authority more often restrictive and authroitarian and shows less warmth and affection
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Low SES parents
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economic issues result in authoritarian, inconsistent parenting limited resources in childs development
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parent effect model of family
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assumes taht influecnes occur in one direction, from parent to child (particularly mother to child)
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child effect model
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influence of the children on their parents. as children develope, parenting shifts from parent regulation to parent-child co-regulation to self regulation of child
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co-regulation
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self regulation by a more capble child. parents become less restrictive as the child matures
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transactional model
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parents and child influence one another reciprocally childs problems develop when the relationshiop between parent and child goes bad over time and child development results when parent-child transactions evolve in more positive direcitons
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sibling rivarly
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the spirt of competition, jealousy, and resentment between brothers and sisters. may be motivated to compete with each other for parents time and resources and possesions
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remote grandparents
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symbolic figures seen only occasionally by grand children geographically or emotionaly distand
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companionate grandparents
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saw the grandchildren frequently and enjoyed sharing activities with them; rarely played a parenting role
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involved grandparents
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take a parent-like role. often helped with child care, gave advice, played roles in grandchildrens lifes. some lived with and serves as substitue parents
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gender
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the features that a society associates with or considers appropriate for men and women
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biological sex
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physical characteristics that define male and female
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gender roles
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patterns of behavior that females and males should adopt in a particular society
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gender stereotypes
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overgeneralied, largley inaccurate beliefs about waht males and females are like
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gender segregation
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favor same sex play mates around 30 to 36 months seperate boys and gils peer groups, greater level of same sex interaction
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gender typing
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children acquire awareness of their biological for that sex caused by the wy males and females are raised
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gender similarity hypothesis
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states that males and females are similar and most, but not all, psycholgical variables, men and women as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different
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differential reinforcement
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children are rewarded for sex-appropriate behavior and punished for behaviors considered appropriate for the opposite sex
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observational learning
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children adopt the attitues and behaviors of same sex models
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gender idenity
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established by age 2 or 3 when children can recognize and lable themselves as males and females
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gender stability
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around age 4 when children understand that gender identity is stable over time
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cognitive development thoery
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Kohlberg's gender role develpment, children acquire understanding of gender and engage in self- socialization gender remains constant
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gender schema thoery
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marin and halrerson; belifes and expectations about maels and females that influence information that children remember. allows them to classify objects, behaviors,j and roles appropriate fore each sex
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Genetic male chromosomes
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XY
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Genetic female chromosomes
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XX
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character adaptations
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changealbe ways in which people adapt
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narrative ideniteis
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unique and itegrative life stories that construct to give ourselves an identity and meaning to our lives
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self-concept
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(thoughts) Our perceptions- positive, negative, realisitc, unrealistic- of our attribues and traits as a person
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self esteen
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(feelings) Our overall evaluation of our worth as a person bases upon the positives and negative self perceptions
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idenity
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our overall sense of who we are and how we fit into society
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psychoanlytic theory
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in-depth interviews and dream analysis
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trait theory
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personality scales and factor analysis
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conceptualizing the self personality: five diminesion of personality
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1)Openess to experience
2)conscientionsness 3)extraversions 4)agreeableness 5)neuoticism |
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infant temperment
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genetically bases tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events
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easy temperment
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even tempered, typically happy, adaptable to new experiences, regular feeding habits, tollerant to frustrations
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slow to warn up temperment
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relatively inactive, somwhat moody, moderatly regular schedues, slow to adapt to new people and situations, responds mildly
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difficult temperment
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infants are active, irritalbe, irregular in their habits, react negativly (vigorously) to changes in routine, slow to adapt to new people and situations, cry frequently and loudly, often have tantrums
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behavioral inhibition
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tendency to bew shy, restrained, and distressd in response to unfamiliar poeple or situations
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Three dimensions of temperment
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1) surgency/extraversoin
2)negative affectivity 3)effortful control |
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surgency/extraversion
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tendency to actively and energetically apprach new experiences in an emotionally positive way (rather than be inhibited and withdrawn)
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negative affectivity
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tendency to be sad, fearful,j easily frustrated, and irritable (opposed to laid back and adaptable)
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effortful control
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the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control ones behavior and plan a course of aactions and regulate or surpress ones emotions
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goodness of fit
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thomas and chess; child and his environment. the extent to which the childs temperment is compatible with the demand and expectations of the social world to which he must adapt.
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