Psyo 121 - Chapter 11: Development

Front 1

Developmental Psychology

Back 1

The study of continuity and change across the lifespan

Front 2

Zygote

Back 2

A fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Front 3

Germinal Stage

Back 3

The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

Front 4

Embryonic Stage

Back 4

The period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

Front 5

Fetal Stage

Back 5

The period of prenatal development that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Front 6

Myelination

Back 6

The formation of a fatty sheath around axons of a neuron

Front 7

Teratogens

Back 7

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs an viruses

Front 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Back 8

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Front 9

Infancy

Back 9

The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Front 10

Motor Development

Back 10

The emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Front 11

Reflexes

Back 11

Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory information

Front 12

Cephalocaudal Rule

Back 12

The "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

Front 13

Proximodistal Rule

Back 13

The "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

Front 14

Cognitive Development

Back 14

The emergence of the ability to think and understand

Front 15

Sensorimotor Stage

Back 15

A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

Front 16

Schemas

Back 16

Theories about the way the world works

Front 17

Assimilation

Back 17

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

Front 18

Accommodation

Back 18

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Front 19

Object Permanence

Back 19

The belief that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Front 20

Childhood

Back 20

The stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence, which begins between 11 and 14 years.

Front 21

Preoperational Stage

Back 21

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world.

Front 22

Concrete Operational Stage

Back 22

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how various actions or "operations" can affect or transform "concrete" objects.

Front 23

Conservation

Back 23

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance.

Front 24

Formal Operational Stage

Back 24

The final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts.

Front 25

Egocentrism

Back 25

The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people.

Front 26

Theory of Mind

Back 26

The understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations.

Front 27

Joint Attention

Back 27

The ability to focus on what another person is focused on.

Front 28

Imitation

Back 28

The tendency to do what an adult does, or what an adult is meant to do.

Front 29

Social Referencing

Back 29

The ability to use another person's reactions as information about how we should think about the world.

Front 30

Attachment

Back 30

The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers.

Front 31

Strange Situation

Back 31

A behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style.

Front 32

Attachment Style

Back 32

Four patterns:

1) Secure (may or may not be distressed - but can be conforted)

2) Avoidant (will not be distressed - does not acknowledge parent)

3) Ambivalent (will be distressed - inconsolable)

4) Disorganized (no consistent pattern)

Front 33

Temperaments

Back 33

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity.

Front 34

Internal Working Model of Relationships

Back 34

A set of belief about the self, the primary caregiver, an the relationship between them.

Front 35

Preconventional Stage

Back 35

A stage or moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor.

Front 36

Conventional Stage

Back 36

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules.

Front 37

Postconventional Stage

Back 37

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.

Front 38

Adolescence

Back 38

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age).

Front 39

Puberty

Back 39

The bodily changes associated with sexual maturity.

Front 40

Primary Sex Characteristics

Back 40

Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction.

Front 41

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Back 41

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction.

Front 42

Adulthood

Back 42

The stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death.