Chapter 11: Attachment To Others And Development To Self

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Attachment

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An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time. Usually, attachments are discussed in regard to the relation between infants and specific caregivers, although they can also occur in adulthood

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Attachment Theory

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Theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachment with caregivers as means of increasing the chances of their own survival

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Secure Base

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Refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

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Internal Working Model of Attachment

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The child's mental representation of self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experience with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

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Strange Situation

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A procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants' attachment to their primary caregiver

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Secure Attachment

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A pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a high-quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their attachment figure.

In the Strange Situation, infants in this attachment, for example, may be upset when the caregivers leaves but may be happy to see the caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress.

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Insecure Attachment

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A pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver than do securely attached children. [Can be classified as insecure/resistant (ambivalent), insecure/avoidant, or disorganized/disorganized

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Insecure/Resistant (or ambivalent) Attachment

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A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring the environment.

In the strange situation, infants in this attachment tend to get very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room, and they are not readily comforted by strangers. They seek comfort but resist efforts to be comforted by the caregiver upon return (of the caregiver).

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Insecure/Avoidant Attachment

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A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. In the Strange Situation, they seem indifferent toward their caregiver before the caregiver leaves the room and indifferent or avoidant when the caregiver returns. If they get upset when left alone, they are easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent

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Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

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Type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented.

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Adult Attachment Models

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Working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to based upon adult's perceptions of their own childhood experiences - especially their relationship with their parents - and of the influence of these experiences on them as adults

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Parental Sensitivity

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An important factor contributing to the security of an infants attachment. Parental sensitivity can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when an infant is distressed or upset and engaging in coordinated play with the infant

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Self

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A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

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Social Comparison

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The process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself

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Personal Fable

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A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts

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Imaginary Audience

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The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescents's appearance and behavior

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Identity versus Identity Confusion

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Erkson's psychosocial stage of development that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops and identity or experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self

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Identity Achievement

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An integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events

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Identity Confusion

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An incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion

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Identity Foreclosure

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Premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options

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Negative Identity

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Identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent

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Psychosocial Moratorium

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A time-out during which the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can pursue activities that lead to self-discovery

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Identity-Diffusion Status

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A category of identity status in which the individual does not have firm commitments and is not making progress towards them

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Foreclosure Status

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A category of identity status in which the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others

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Moratorium Status

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A category of identity status in which the individual is in the phase of experimentation with regard to occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them

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Identity-Achievement Status

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A category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology, and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them

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Ethnic Identity

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Individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group, including the degree to which they associate their thinking, perceptions, feelings and behavior with membership in that group

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Sexual Orientation

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A person's preference in regards to males or females as objects of erotic feelings

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Sexual-Minority Youth

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Young people who experience same-sex attractions and for whom the question of personal sexual identity is often confusing and painful

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Self-Esteem

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One's overall evaluation of the worth of self and the feelings that this evaluation engenders

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Harry Harlow

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Did Experimental work with monkeys deprived of early social interactions. Work supported view that healthy social and emotional development rooted in children's early social interactions w/ adults

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John Bowlby

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Proposed the attachment theory

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Mary Ainsworth

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A student of John Bowlby who extended and tested his ideas

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Erikson's Stages

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Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion

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Trust vs. Mistrust (first year)

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Developing trust in other people is crucial

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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 - 3.5 years)

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The challenge is to achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increased social demands

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Initiative vs. Guilt (4 -6 years)

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Resolved when the child develops high standards and the initiative to meet them without being crushed by worry about not being able to measure up

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Industry vs. Inferiority (6-Puberty)

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The child must master cognitive and social skills, learn to work industriously, and play well with others

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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence - Early Childhood)

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Adolescents must resolve the question of who they really are or live in confusion about what roles they should play as adults