Psychology Of Language Final Test!!!!!!

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semantic bootstrapping

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The process of using semantics to acquire syntax

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child-directed speech

Back 2

Speech addressed to children simple utterances exaggerated intonation

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categorical perception

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inability to discriminate sounds within a phonemic catagory

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idiomorph

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small sound or sound sequence used by a child to refer to someone or something even though its not the sound usually used for that purpose.

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Overexstension

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When a baby uses a word to refer to a larger set of referents than adults would. EX. Looking at a round clock and calling it the moon.

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Underexstension

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When a child uses a word in a more limited way than adults. EX calling a taxi a car.

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Taxonomic bias

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Cognitive constraint where children assume a word refers to a class of individuals rather than a single person or animal

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Whole object bias

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Cognitive constraint where children assume a word refers to an entire object rather than a part of it

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Mutual exclusivity bias

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cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object isn't normally given two differnt names

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Holophrase

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one word utterance used by child to express more than one meaning attributed to the word by adults

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Habituation

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decline in a response to a stimulus following repeated presentation of the stimulus.

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Prelingustic communication

KEY TERM

Back 12

Pragmatic development, non verbal communication, caregiver provides social interaction and context.

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Cognitive constraints in lexical development

KEY TERM

Back 13

taxonomic bias, whole object bias, mutual exclusitivity bias

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Parellels in acquisition of spoken language and signed language

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duality of patterning and linguistic patterning. babbling, gesturing,

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Overregulization

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child applies linguistic rule to cases that are exceptions to the rule. EX saying "goed" instead of "went"

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Metalinguistic awareness

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ability to think of language as an object

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Onset and Rime

Back 17

Monosyllabic words can be split into two parts - the onset and the rime - each of which are smaller than syllables, but may be larger than phonemes. The onset is the initial consonant sound (b- in bag, sw- in swim), and the rime is the vowel and the rest of the syllable that follows (-ag in bag, -im in swim).

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phonological awareness

Back 18

Phonological awareness refers to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of language. It is a listening skill that includes the ability to distinguish units of speech, such as rhymes, syllables in words, and individual phonemes in syllables. ...

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arbitrariness

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feature of language in which there is no direct resemblence between the word and its referent

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comprehension monitoring

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In the act of reading, the noting of one’s successes and failures in developing or attaining meaning, usually with reference to an emerging conception of the meaning of the text as a whole, and adjusting one’s reading processes accordingly.

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regression in syntactic production

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Find

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decontextualized language

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Language that is seperated in time or place of its referant

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language transfer

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in second language acqusition the process in which the first language influences the aquisiton of the subsiquent language

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simultaneous bilingualism

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children acquire two languages at the same time

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sequential bilingualism

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individual child or adult acquires a second language after already having a 1st

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Neccesary condition

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condition that must be present for a specified event to occur

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sufficient condition

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condition that if present ensures a specific event will occur

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correlational studies

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Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists, both in direction and in magnitude.

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operating principles

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prefered way of taking in or operating on information

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induction

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a process of reasoning from the specific to the general. ex. if we only saw brown horses we might assume all horses are brown

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parameter

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grammatical feature that is set in differnt ways in differnt languages

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Parameter setting

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Children are born with grammatical parameters that are preset to certain values. language acquisition is seen as a matter of resetting these parameters to the value of ones native language

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pidgin

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an auxillary language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages in close contact

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creole

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language developed by children who have been exsposed to a pidgen as their native language

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willams syndrome

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a rare congenital disorder associated with deletion of genetic material in chromosome 7; characterized by mental deficiency and some growth deficiency and elfin faces but an overly social personality and a remarkable gift for vocabulary

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Whorf hypothesis

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the hypothesis that languages shape thought processes