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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"personality"
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the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person
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Freud's Psychoanalytic theory
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unconcious forces act as determinants of personality
-id, ego, superego -psychosexual stages -defense mechanisms |
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Unconcious
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part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
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Preconcious
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contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as 2+2=4
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Freud's model of personality
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Id: pleasure principle to lessen tension and maximize satisfaction, inborn, raw, hedonistic, impulsive
Ego: reality principle, developes soon after birth, restrains the id to maintain safety and ensure integration into society, mediatio between id and superego Superego: black and white rules, last personality structure to develop, handed down by parents/teachers/etc. |
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Psychosexual Stages
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Oral: birth to 12-18 months, weaning is conflict, fixations include eating, talking, smoking, etc.
Anal: 12-18 months to 3 years, retention and expulsion, fixations include rigidity, orderliness, punctuality, sloppiness, etc. Phallic: 3 to 5-6 years, Oedipal conflict, castration anxiety, identification with same-sex parent. Latency: 5-6 years to adolescence, sexual interests become dormant Genital: adolescence to adulthood, desire for adult sexuality, sexual intercourse |
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Defense Mechanisms
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unconcious strategies used to reduce anxiety by concealing it's source from themselves and others
protects the Ego REPRESSIONS is the primary defense mechanism others include regression, displacement, rationalization, denial, projection, subliminalization, etc. |
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Neo-Freudians
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psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but later reject some of it's major points
Karl Jung (most influential), collective unconscious and archetypes Karen Horney: feminist, attachment Alfred Adler: inferiority complex Erik Erikson Anna Freud |
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Karl Jung
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Collective Unconscious: common set of ideas, feelings, images, symbols that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and nonhuman animal ancestors
Archetypes: universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience. Ex: good and evil |
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Karen Horney
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Attachment theory: personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on relationship between parent and child
First feminist psychologist |
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Alfred Adler (and 2 others)
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primary human motivation is a striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
Inferiority complex: describes situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children Erik Erikson and Anna Freud |
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Trait Approaches
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"inner" person
Trait theory: seeks to explain, in straightforward way, the consistencies in individuals' behavior Factor analysis Traits: consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations Allport Cattell Eysenck |
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Allport
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Trait Theory
Cardinal trait: single characterisic, directs most of a person's activities Central trait: major characteristic of a an individual Secondary trait: affect behavior in fewer situations |
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Cattell and Eysenck
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Factoring out personality
Factor analysis: statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns Factors: combinations of traits |
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The Big Five
"OCEAN" |
personality traits
-openness to experience -conscientiousness -extraversion -agreableness -neuroticism (emotional stability) |
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Different approaches to personality
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-psychodynamic
-trait -learning -biological/evolutionary -humanistic |
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Learning approaches
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"outer" person
-we are what we've learned -focused more on environment -social cognitive approaches -self-efficacy (belief in one's personal capabilities) and self-esteem (our positive and negative self-evaluations) Skinner Bandura |
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Skinner
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behaviorist approach: states that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns
believes humans are infinitely changeable through learning |
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Psychodynamic approaches
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"inner" person
idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about, which people have little awareness of and have no control over Freud Jung Horney Adler (also Erikson and Anna Freud) |
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Social cognitive approach
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mostly "outer" person but doesn't reject importance of "inner" person
-emphasizes importance of cognition as well as other behavior -EMPHASIZES THE ROLE PLAYED BY SELF-EFFICACY (laura says to know) -self-efficacy: belief in one's personal capabilities -self-esteem: encompasses our positive and negative self evaluations |
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Bandura
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-thinks people can foresee the possible outcomes of certain behaviors in a specific setting without actually having to carry them out... observational learning
Bobo doll, children watched movie of adults hitting a bobo doll and children mimicked it |
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Biological/Evolutionary approaches
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-suggesting important personality components are inherited
-focus on the way in which people's genetic heritage affects personality Temperament: innate disposition that emerges early in life (born with it) Tellegen |
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Tellegen
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University of Minnesota, studied personality traits of identical twins that were raised apart from one another
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easy ways to remember approaches...
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Psychodynamic: contolled by unconscious, and unseen forces
Trait: set of stable traits Learning: situational reinforcements and punishments Biological/Evolutionary: inherited factors Humanistic: inherent goodness and tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning |
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Humanistic approaches
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-emphasizes people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
-self-actualization Rogers Maslow |
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Rogers
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self-actualization: state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
self-concept: set of beliefs they hold about what they are like as individuals -unconditional positive regard: attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does |
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Psychological tests
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standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
reliability: measurement consistency of a test validity: test measuring what it's designed to measure |
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Self-report measures
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method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior
MMPI-2: (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory) identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors test standardization: technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses |
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Projective tests
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tests in which person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it
(PROBABLY USED MORE BY PSYCHOANALYSTS) -sentence completion, dream analysis, rorschach Rorschach: (ink blot) best known projective test Thematic Apperception test (TAT): series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story |
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Behavioral assessments
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direct measures of an individua'sl behavior used to describe personality characteristics
(PROBABLY USED MORE BY LEARNING THEORISTS) -basically objectively observing then remedying the patients -know what the test is claiming to measure -base no decisions only on the results of any one test -remember that results are not always accurate |
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"abnormality" and different areas of abnormal behavior
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behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives
-deviation from the average -deviation from the ideal -sense of personal discomfort -inability to function effectively -a legal concept |
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suicide bombers...
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-ARE NOT insane or mentally abnormal
-influenced by emotions, loyalties, belief systems, politics, and religion |
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"insanity"
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a legal term for abnormal behavior
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perspectives on psychological disorders
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-medical: physiological causes
-psychoanalytic: psychological disorders stemmed from childhood conflicts -behavioral: abnormal behaviors are learned responses -cognitive: cognitions (thoughts and beliefs) are central to psychological disorders -humanistic: one's need to self-actualize and take responsibility for own behavior -sociocultural: behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture |
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"cognitions"
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people's thoughts and beliefs
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MEDICAL perspective on phychological disorders
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suggests when an individual displays simptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, chemical defeciancy, or a brain injury
-symptoms |
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PSYCHOANALYTIC perspective on psychological disorders
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suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression
-symptoms |
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BEHAVIORAL perspective on psychological disorders
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perspective that looks at behavior itself as the problem
-behaviors |
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COGNITIVE perspective on psychological disorders
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suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior
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HUMANISTIC perspective on psychological disorders
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emphasizes the responsability people have for their own behavior, even when it's abnormal
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SOCIOCULTURAL perspective on psychological disorders
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assumes that people's behavior, normal and abnormal, is shaped by the kind of family, group, society, and culture in which they live
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possible applications of the different perspectives of psychological disorders
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medical: examine for medical problems
psychoanalytic: seek out info about past, considering possible childhood conflicts behavioral: concentrate on rewards and punishments, identify environmental stimuli that reinforce behavior cognitive: focus on perceptions of self and environment humanistic: consider behavior in terms of choices and efforts to reach potential sociocultural: focus on how societal demands contribute to disorder |
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DSM-IV-TR
or DSMTR |
-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.
-a system, devised by te American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior Axis 1: clinical disorders Axis 2: personality disorders and mental retardation Axis 3: general medical conditions Axis 4: psychosocial and environmental problems Axis 5: global assessment of functioning |
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anxiety disorders
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occurance of anxiety without any obvious external cause, affecting daily life
phobic: intense, irrational fear of specific object/situations panic: attacts, seconds to hours, doesn't have to be associated with a certain object (momentary) general: experience long term, persistent and uncontrollable anxiety (all day long) OCD: obsessions (persistent unwanted thoughts or ideas) and compulsions (irrisistible urge to carry out some strange and unreasonable act) |
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dissociative disorders
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psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated
-dissociative identity disorder (DID) -dissociative amnesia -dissociative fugue -COMMON TIE: allows people to escape anxiety-producing situation |
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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-displays two or more distinct personalities
-once called multiple personality disorder |
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dissociative amnesia
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-significant, selective memory loss
-"repressed memories" is sometimes used to describe lost memories |
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dissociative fugue
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form of amnesia where the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity
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mood disorders
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disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living
major depression: -severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision maing and sociability -more intense and lasts longer than normal depression, and may have no clear trigger -(dr. said on podcast) withdrawing from friends and at least 2 weeks in time mania: -extended state of intense, wild elation... emotional heights -intense happiness, power, invulnerability, and energy -usually followed by depression meaning... bipolar disorder: -person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression -previously called "manic depressive disorder" |
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schizophrenia
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class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs
-delusions -flat affect (lack of emotional reactivity) -poor contact with reality -some people think of it as purely "thought disorders" -decline from previous level of functioning -thought, language, and emotional disturbances -hallucinations and perceptual disorders |
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four major approaches to therapy
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-psychodynamic
-behavioral -cognitive -humanistic |
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
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GOAL: bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious to the conscious, where patients can better deal with their problems
APPROACH: psychodynamic TREATMENT: Psychoanalysis USES: free association, dream interpretation, and transference free association: patient says whatever comes to mind, even if irrelevant dream interpretation transference:transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that was initially towards parent or other authority figure contemporary psychodynamic approaches: -less about history and childhood -more about current relationships -shorter duration |
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psychoanalysis
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-Freud's therapy
-goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior |
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BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
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GOAL: cange people's behavior to allow them to function more effectively
exposure treatment: behavior treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, suddently or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear APPROACH: behavioral--builds on the basic process of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned -people who act abnormally have either failed to learn skills needed to cope with problems, or acquired faulty skills being maintained through reinforcement TREATMENTS: classical conditioning USES: aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization, and exposure aversive conditioning: pairs an adversive, unpleasant stimulus with the undesired behavior systematic desensitization: gradual exposure to an anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety (also uses hierarchy of fears) operant conditioning: -token systems -contingency contracting -observational learning |
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problems with aversive conditioning
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-ethical concerns around potent stimuli such as electric shock
-long term effectiveness is questioned -patients might learn to cause self-harm as after affect |
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COGNITIVE THERAPY
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GOAL: change the way people think and their behavior
APPROACH: -cognitive: teaches people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognition about the world and themselves -cognitive-behavioral: incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think TREATMENT: short term, highly structured, focuse on concrete problems USES: rational-emotive behavior therapy: attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior |
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difference between exposure (flooding) and desensitization
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desensitization: GRADUAL exposure paired with a relaxant
exposure (flooding): suddently confronted with a stimulus they fear |
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difference between the medical model and the psychotherapy/humanistic model?
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medical model: intervening medically/shock/psychosurgery/medication, etc.
psychotherapy/humanistic: talk therapy |
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HUMANISTIC THERAPY
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GOAL: enable people to reach potential for self-actualization (realizing your highest potential)
APPROACH: humanistic--rationale that people can have control of their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems TREATMENT: person-centered therapy USES: unconditional positive regard-- expressing acceptance and understanding, regardless of the feelings and attitues of the client |
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limitations on the medical model
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-finding a genetic influence doesn't necessarily mean that's the only cause
-people not taking responsibility for actions |
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Interpersonal therapy (PT)
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short term therapy that focusees on the context of current social relationships
-conflicts with others, social issues, role transitions, grief, etc. |
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group therapy
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several unrelated people meet with a therapist to discuss some aspect of their psychological functioning
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family therapy
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involves 2 or more family members, 1 or more whose problems lead to treatment
-focus on the family dynamics |
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self-help therapy
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people with similar problems get together to discuss their shared feelings and experiences
-alcoholics anonymous (AA) -bereavement support group |
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drug classifications for therapy
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antipsychotic: used to reduce severe symptoms of disturbance such as loss of touch with reality and agitation
antidepressant: used in cases of severe depression to improve the moods of the patients mood stabilizers: treats mood disorders and can be a preventative treatment, blocking episodes of manic depression antianxiety: reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences and increase the feeling of well-being |
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Rosenhan study
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-students were admitted to a mental hospital as imposters
-acted completely normal and no medical employee ever noticed or caught on |
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Clinical terms vs. Layman's terms
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Clinical: DID
Dissociative Identity Disorder Layman: MPD Multipersonality Disorder ___________________________ Clinical: Bipolar disorder Laymans: MDD? Manic-depressive disorder |
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emotional upheaval and "catharsis"
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process of discharging built-up aggressive energy
-somehow fits in with psychotherapy and freud's psychoanalytic theory |
