Positive Psychology Exam 3

Front 1

Resiliency

Back 1

- a pattern of positive adaptation in the face of significant adversity

- anticipating the future, appraising and reappraising goals, adjusting to current realities, and regulating expectations so as to maintain a sense of well-being in the face of changing circumstances

Front 2

Anthony (1987) Study on Childhood Resiliency

Back 2

Followed 300 children of schizophrenic parents for twelve years and found that about 10% of the children were very well adjusted in public schools in spite of the bizarre home environment

- main difference in these children was that they could detach themselves from their schizophrenic parents

Front 3

Protective Buffers

Back 3

-a core group of characteristics that were common among resilient children

1. able to find a nurturing surrogate parent (often a close relationship with a teacher who served as a role model)
2. good social skills and at least one close friend. desire to help others and provide nuturance
3. had creative outlets, activities or hobbies that they could focus on
4. families with religious beliefs that provided meaning in difficult times

Front 4

Gender Differences in Resiliency

Back 4

- Boys: important factors for resiliency were a household with good structure and rules, a male role model, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness.

- Girls: important factors were homes that emphasized risk taking and independence and also provided reliable support from an older female

Front 5

Two Forms of Knowledge

Back 5

1. LOGOS - knowledge gained through the use of analytical, propositional, and formal logic
2. MYTHOS - knowledge gained through speech, narrative, plot, or dialogue

Front 6

Two Forms of Wisdom

Back 6

1. PRACTICAL WISDOM - consists of exceptional abilities such as good interpersonal skills, clarity of thinking, greater tolerance, and generativity
2. TRANSFORMATIVE WISDOM - has a spiritual quality and deals with the limits of knowledge, the rich complexity of human experience, and a sense of transcending the personal and individual aspects of human experience

Front 7

Greatest Predictor of Wisdom

Back 7

- COGNITIVE STYLE (35%)
- Life Experiences (26%
- Personality Traits (21%)
- Intelligence (15%)
- Age (3%)

Front 8

Carl Rogers Reason Why we Stop Self-Actualizing

Back 8

- beings when we deny our experiences of self and the world in order to gain acceptance and approval from others

Front 9

The Jonah Complex

Back 9

- the evasion of growth and fulfilling one's best talents
- many people reject personal growth because they fear they will lose others' approval
- others because they fear the responsibility that comes with greatness

Front 10

Authenticity

Back 10

The ability to recognize and take responsibility for one's own psychological experiences & the ability to act in ways that are consistent with those experiences

Front 11

Harter's Idea About What Causes Inauthenticity

Back 11

- authenticity is blocked by society
- the need for self-presentation is perpetuated by parents, friends, or society
- behavior may be restricted by society, even if you wish to present authenticity
- inauthentic social presentation can be perpetuated by being rewarded or by punishing the expression of the authentic self

Front 12

Six Universal Virtues

Back 12

1. Wisdom and Knowledge
2. Courage
3. Love and Humanity
4. Justice
5. Temperance (self control)
6. Spirituality and Transcendence

- core characteristics and capture the notion of good character... achieved through strength of character

Front 13

The Medical Method

Back 13

- assumes that any mental illness is a distinct deviation from normality and can be identified by a unique cluster of symptoms that are caused by a specific pathogen

Front 14

The Victim View Point

Back 14

- a problem of viewing psychological problems as diseases... it creates a victim viewpoint

- often blocks recovery because it requires that the person recognizes that THEY can change their condition through choosing to make changed in their thoughts and behavior... thus, they do not feel empowered to act

Front 15

Modes of Fulfillment

Back 15

- basic directions that people take in their search for happiness
1. Efficiency
2. Creativity
3. Inner Harmony
4. Relatedness
5. Self-transcendence

Front 16

Keys and Lopez Model for Complete Mental Health

Back 16

-- STRUGGLING: high emotional, psychological or social well-being AND high mental illness
-- FLOURISHING: high emotional, psychological or social well-being AND low mental illness
-- FLOUNDERING: low emotional, psychological or social well-being AND high mental illness
-- LANGUISHING: low emotional, psychological or social well-being AND low mental illness

Front 17

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Back 17

- studies show that about 90% of clients report substantial benefits from therapy
- "client factors" (such as psychological strengths) account for up to 40% of improvement seen in therapy

Front 18

Positive Therapy

Back 18

- enhancements of positive traits, the building of strengths, and helping clients find untapped resources for positive change
- instills hope and views the clients as the "change agents" instead of viewing the therapist this way

Front 19

Well-being Therapy

Back 19

- helps clients to restructure the way they think about aspects of their lives using Ryff's dimensions of psychological well-being
- clients helped to identify episodes of high well-being in their past, to find ways well-being is hindered, and how to change thinking habits to being more positive interpretations of events

Front 20

Personal Growth Initiative

Back 20

- Personal Growth: a person's sense that he or she is growing psychologically and the direction of the growth indicates progress as an individual
- often underutilized by the person
- therapist assesses the person's ability and introduces strategies to aid in utilizing their capacities in various situations

Front 21

Harter's Idea About What Causes Inauthenticity

Back 21

- authenticity is blocked by society
- the need for self-presentation is perpetuated by parents, friends, or society
- behavior may be restricted by society, even if you wish to present authenticity
- inauthentic social presentation can be perpetuated by being rewarded or by punishing the expression of the authentic self

Front 22

Six Universal Virtues

Back 22

1. Wisdom and Knowledge
2. Courage
3. Love and Humanity
4. Justice
5. Temperance (self control)
6. Spirituality and Transcendence

- core characteristics and capture the notion of good character... achieved through strength of character

Front 23

The Medical Method

Back 23

- assumes that any mental illness is a distinct deviation from normality and can be identified by a unique cluster of symptoms that are caused by a specific pathogen

Front 24

The Victim View Point

Back 24

- a problem of viewing psychological problems as diseases... it creates a victim viewpoint
- often blocks recovery because it requires that the person recognizes that THEY can change their condition through choosing to make changed in their thoughts and behavior... thus, they do not feel empowered to act

Front 25

Modes of Fulfillment

Back 25

- basic directions that people take in their search for happiness
1. Efficiency
2. Creativity
3. Inner Harmony
4. Relatedness
5. Self-transcendence

Front 26

Keys and Lopez Model for Complete Mental Health

Back 26

-- STRUGGLING: high emotional, psychological or social well-being AND high mental illness
-- FLOURISHING: high emotional, psychological or social well-being AND low mental illness
-- FLOUNDERING: low emotional, psychological or social well-being AND high mental illness
-- LANGUISHING: low emotional, psychological or social well-being AND low mental illness

Front 27

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Back 27

- studies show that about 90% of clients report substantial benefits from therapy
- "client factors" (such as psychological strengths) account for up to 40% of improvement seen in therapy

Front 28

Positive Therapy

Back 28

- enhancements of positive traits, the building of strengths, and helping clients find untapped resources for positive change
- instills hope and views the clients as the "change agents" instead of viewing the therapist this way

Front 29

Well-being Therapy

Back 29

- helps clients to restructure the way they think about aspects of their lives using Ryff's dimensions of psychological well-being
- clients helped to identify episodes of high well-being in their past, to find ways well-being is hindered, and how to change thinking habits to being more positive interpretations of events

Front 30

Personal Growth Initiative

Back 30

- Personal Growth: a person's sense that he or she is growing psychologically and the direction of the growth indicates progress as an individual
- often underutilized by the person
- therapist assesses the person's ability and introduces strategies to aid in utilizing their capacities in various situations

Front 31

Hope Therapy

Back 31

- based on idea that hope derives emotions that define well-being
- assumes that well-being is enhanced when people have well-developed goals and believe they can reach those goals
- therapist aids the person to create goals, see paths to the goals, and summon energy and commitment to reach them
- research demonstrates effectiveness

Front 32

Values Clarification

Back 32

- values can become conflicted and complicated from society pressure which causes stress
- the process by which people can explore and clarify their values or to simply reconnect with the values they use to ground their lives in meaningful ways

Front 33

Education Interventions and Tucker Turtle

Back 33

- education helps people improve their lives, with most focus on children (learned optimism training & learned hopefulness approach)
- lessons added to classes (self-determination, character education, emotional intelligence skills)

Front 34

Fordyce's Happiness Training Program

Back 34

1. Be more active
2. Spend more time socializing
3. Be productive and meaningful at work
4. Get organized
5. Stop worrying
6. Lower your expectations and aspirations
7. Think optimistically
8. Orient yourself to the present
9. Work on a healthy personality
10. Develop and outgoing social personality
11. Be yourself (authentic)
12. Eliminate negative feelings
13. Develop and nurture close relationships
14. Value happiness (put it first)

Front 35

Difference Between Spirituality and Religion

Back 35

- SPIRITUALITY: to search for meaning in life through self-transcendence, the need to relate to something greater than oneself, does not depend on an institutional context.
- RELIGION: when this spiritual search is connected to formal religious institutions.

Front 36

Plateau Experience

Back 36

All aspects of work take on a sacred quality

Front 37

Resacralization

Back 37

A restoring of the sense of sacred to the ordinary world

Front 38

Religion and Optimism

Back 38

Religion increases optimism because of its certainty... religion is more amenable to optimism than is science, which is tentative and critical by nature

Front 39

Religion and Virtue

Back 39

- Most widely influential religions of our time has shown to endorse core virtues... near universal recognition of praise of the virtues of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

Front 40

Types of Meaning

Back 40

1. GLOBAL MEANING: a search for both order and purpose
2. PERSONAL MEANING: finding one's purpose in life, depends on global meaning, person fits into the order and coherence of the universe.

Front 41

8 Ways to Find Meaning

Back 41

1. Pursuing greater harmony, coherence, and congruence among the carious aspects of self-identity and goals in life
2. Developing a consistent life scheme
3. Creating congruence between current situations and overall goals
4. Giving service to others and dedication to a worthy cause
5. Creativity
6. Living life as fully as possible
7. Suffering
8. Spiritual experiences

Front 42

Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Religiousness

Back 42

- EXTRINSIC: religion of comfort and social convention, a self-serving, instrumental approach shaped to suit oneself (attends church to be seen by others, to raise stature in community, fit within social expectations)
- correlates with prejudice, dogmatism, trait anxiety, fear of death

- INTRINSIC: sense of meaning and purpose, regardless of social benefits that might accrue... regular participation in church activities, personal prayer or meditation, and sacrificial service to others with recognition.
- correlates with positive health

Front 43

Circle of Life

Back 43

idea is to move with circle of life until the change process becomes natural and transcendence and enlightenment are achieved.

Front 44

Meditation

Back 44

changes brain activity towards the patterns associated with positive moods, helps increase factors associated with positive mental health such as empathy, creativity and self-actualization
- experienced meditators have found it induces bliss, ineffability and a sense of selflessness.

Front 45

Basic Tenets of Confucianism

Back 45

- leadership and education central to morality
- Confucius teaching collected in many books, most famous is the I Ching (book of changes)
- quotes that encourage caring for the welfare of others
- Attainment of virtue is at the core (five virtues)

Front 46

Basic Tenets of Taoism

Back 46

- Lao-Tzu says followers must live according to the Tao ("the way")
- Tao is the energy that surrounds and flows through all things
- cannot be taught, must experience the Way for oneself by fully participating in life
- Yin and Yang: balance and harmony in life

Front 47

Basic Tenets of Buddhism

Back 47

- life is constant change, unhappiness stems from craving security
- attachment: desire to insure permanent satisfaction and control, causes us to suffer for fear of losing it
- accepting the reality of change = happiness
- importance of virtues

Front 48

Basic Tenets of Hinduism

Back 48

- no specific founder or beginning
- grounded in a way of action, rather than written text
-emphasize interconnectedness between individuals
- reincarnations occurs when one needs further enlightenment (failure to achieve ultimate knowledge), does not when highest knowledge possible is achieved
- quest for life is to attain ultimate self-knowledge
- belief in karma

Front 49

Three Differences Between Eastern and Western Perspectives

Back 49

1. Value Systems: Individualist cultures (individual is more important) & collectivist cultures (group is more important)
2. Orientation to Time: western orientated toward the future, eastern more oriented towards respect of the past
3. Thought Processes: westerners think they can control events if we know the rules, eastern thinks the world is a circle, goal is balance between unhappiness and happiness

Front 50

Percentage of Americans Unsatisfied With Their Work

Back 50

50%

Front 51

Frequency vs. Intensity

Back 51

- research shows that the frequency of positive emotions at work tends to be more important than the intensity of the positive emotion

Front 52

Three Ways People View Their Work

Back 52

1. A Job: focus in on the necessity of work and earning a living (meaning in providing for need)
2. A Career: a way to create achievement motivation, stimulate the need for competition, or enhance prestige and satisfaction
3. A Calling: believing that their work was a source of personal fulfillment and has a socially useful purpose (contribution to society)

Front 53

Hackman & Oldham's Three Happiness Conditions

Back 53

1. Draw out a variety of talents and skills
2. Employee complete a task from beginning to end (sees final result)
3. Producing work with a significant impact

Front 54

Hodges & Clifton Strengths vs. Weakness Study

Back 54

- majority of respondents across countries favored "improving your weaknesses over building your strengths"

Front 55

Strengths Based Approach

Back 55

focus of strengths and shape job activities around it
1. identification of talents (increasing employees knowledge of own talents)
2. integration of talents (learns to define themselves according to talents)
3. actual behavioral change (learns to attribute any successes to their talents)

Front 56

Toyota NA Parts Co's Productivity Study

Back 56

- gave employees strength finder surveys & attended lunchtime sessions explained strength based approach & managers took 4 day course.
- 6% increase in productivity

Front 57

10 Qualities of a Positive Work Environment

Back 57

1. Opportunity for personal control - a chance for input
2. Opportunity for skill use
3. Reasonable externally generated goals
4. Variety - interesting work and a chance to learn new skills
5. Environmental clarity - good feedback
6. Availability of money - use social comparison
7. Physical security - good working conditions
8. Supportive supervision
9. Opportunity for interpersonal contact
10. Valued social position - provides a sense of meaning

Front 58

5 Factors Involved in Social Well-Being

Back 58

1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE: degree to which people generally hold positive attitudes towards others
2. SOCIAL ACTUALIZATION: belief that society can develop and grow to be better
3. SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION: belief that daily activities contribute to society and valued
4. SOCIAL COHERENCE: society seems understandable, predictable and logical
5. SOCIAL INTEGRATION: person feels a part of their community

Front 59

Definition of Community Psychology

Back 59

Studies the person in social context and emphasizes the tole of the environment and the social world in both the creation of problems and through an emphasis on how to intervene to solve problems

Front 60

Four Principles of Community Psychology

Back 60

1. PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT: fit between person and environment
2. FOCUS ON COMPETENCIES: identifying strengths, resources, and efficiencies of people AND the environment
3. POLITICAL ACTIVISM: direct participation in political activities unusual among other psych fields
4. PREVENTION: more heavily involved in prevention that most areas of psychology

Front 61

Empowerment

Back 61

The process of enabling people who are marginalized or underprivileged to gain a measure of personal and political power
- To be empowered is to take charge of one's life and feel a sense of self-efficacy, competence, and self-determination