Psych Test Bank 1 Chapter 8

Front 1

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

A) the serial position effect.

B) proactive interference.

C) visual encoding.

D) memory.

Back 1

D) memory.

Front 2

The process of encoding refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the recall of information previously learned.
C) getting information into memory.
D) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

Back 2

C) getting information into memory.

Front 3

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

A) effortful processing.

B) implicit memory.

C) repression.

D) storage.

Back 3

D) storage.

Front 4

The process of getting information out of memory is called

A) encoding.

B) relearning.

C) retrieval.

D) rehearsal.

Back 4

C) retrieval.

Front 5

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A) repressed memory

B) sensory memory

C) flashbulb memory

D) long-term memory

Back 5

B) sensory memory

Front 6

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A) short-term

B) implicit

C) mood-congruent

D) explicit

Back 6

A) short-term

Front 7

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

A) implicit memory.

B) iconic memory

C) proactive interference.

D) working memory.

Back 7

D) working memory.

Front 8

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A) politicians' names.

B) friends' birthdays.

C) new phone numbers.

D) the sequence of your day's events.

Back 8

D) the sequence of your day's events.

Front 9

Automatic processing occurs without

A) iconic memory.

B) semantic encoding.

C) conscious awareness.

D) long-term potentiation.

Back 9

C) conscious awareness.

Front 10

The effortful processing of information

A) typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively.

B) cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.

Back 10

C) can become automatic through practice.

Front 11

The conscious repetition of information to maintain it in memory is called

A) automatic processing.

B) rehearsal.

C) priming.

D) chunking.

Back 11

B) rehearsal.

Front 12

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

B) what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.
C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

Back 12

A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Front 13

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

A) the spacing effect.

B) the serial position effect.

C) chunking.

D) automatic processing.

Back 13

A) the spacing effect.

Front 14

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by

A) the testing effect.

B) mood-congruent memory.

C) the misinformation effect.

D) repression.

Back 14

A) the testing effect.

Front 15

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.

A) serial position

B) misinformation

C) imagination

D) spacing

Back 15

A) serial position

Front 16

One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.

A) at the beginning and end

B) at the end

C) at the beginning

D) in the middle

Back 16

C) at the beginning

Front 17

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

A) iconic memory.

B) the spacing effect.

C) implicit memory.

D) a recency effect.

Back 17

B) the spacing effect.

Front 18

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

A) sounds.

B) meanings.

C) visual images.

D) unfamiliar units.

Back 18

B) meanings.

Front 19

We are more likely to remember the words “typewriter, cigarette, and fire” than the words “void, process, and inherent.” This best illustrates the value of

A) long-term potentiation.

B) flashbulb memory.

C) imagery.

D) iconic memory.

Back 19

C) imagery.

Front 20

A mnemonic device is a

A) sensory memory.
B) test or measure of memory.

C) technique for automatic processing.

D) memory aid.

Back 20

D) memory aid.

Front 21

Chunking refers to

A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
B) the organization of information into meaningful units.
C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
D) the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.

Back 21

B) the organization of information into meaningful units.

Front 22

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

A) echoic

B) implicit

C) iconic

D) flashbulb

Back 22

C) iconic

Front 23

Echoic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Back 23

D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Front 24

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

A) 12 seconds.

B) 1 minute.

C) 12 minutes.

D) 1 hour.

Back 24

A) 12 seconds.

Front 25

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

A) source amnesia.

B) retroactive interference.

C) encoding failure.

D) rehearsal.

Back 25

D) rehearsal.

Front 26

“The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

A) short-term

B) explicit

C) flashbulb

D) implicit

Back 26

A) short-term

Front 27

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

A) echoic memory

B) short-term memory

C) long-term memory

D) iconic memory

Back 27

C) long-term memory

Front 28

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres.
B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.
C) was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes.
D) was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Back 28

D) was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Front 29

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates

A) sensory memory.

B) proactive interference.

C) flashbulb memory.

D) the serial position effect.

Back 29

C) flashbulb memory.

Front 30

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

A) iconic

B) implicit

C) echoic

D) long-term

Back 30

D) long-term

Front 31

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from

A) long-term potentiation.

B) repression.

C) mood-congruent memory.

D) amnesia.

Back 31

D) amnesia.

Front 32

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

A) state-dependent

B) flashbulb

C) short-term

D) implicit

Back 32

D) implicit

Front 33

The hippocampus plays a critical role in ________ memory.

A) iconic

B) explicit

C) echoic

D) implicit

Back 33

B) explicit

Front 34

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

A) recognition

B) rehearsal

C) recall

D) relearning

Back 34

C) recall

Front 35

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

A) retrieval cues.

B) iconic traces.

C) context effects.

D) chunks.

Back 35

A) retrieval cues.

Front 36

When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful

A) encoding devices.

B) iconic memories.

C) implicit memories.

D) retrieval cues.

Back 36

D) retrieval cues.

Front 37

Hearing the word “rabbit” may lead people to spell the spoken word “hair” as “h-a-r-e.” This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

A) chunking.

B) retroactive interference.

C) repression.

D) priming

Back 37

D) priming

Front 38

Déjà vu refers to the

A) emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events.
B) tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood.
C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory.
D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.

Back 38

D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.

Front 39

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.

C) the serial position effect.

D) statedependent memory.

Back 39

D) statedependent memory.

Front 40

Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates

A) source misattribution.
B) retroactive interference.

C) mood-congruent memory.

D) the misinformation effect.

Back 40

C) mood-congruent memory.

Front 41

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to

A) absent-mindedness.

B) repression.

C) transience.

D) implicit memory.

Back 41

C) transience.

Front 42

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to

A) encoding failure.

B) the spacing effect.

C) retroactive interference.

D) source amnesia.

Back 42

A) encoding failure.

Front 43

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

A) encoding.

B) storage.

C) retrieval.

D) implicit memory.

Back 43

A) encoding.

Front 44

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

A) storage.

B) encoding.

C) rehearsal.

D) retrieval.

Back 44

D) retrieval.

Front 45

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

A) retroactive interference.

B) rosy retrospection.

C) source amnesia.

D) proactive interference.

Back 45

D) proactive interference.

Front 46

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

A) source amnesia.

B) retroactive interference.

C) proactive interference.

D) automatic processing.

Back 46

B) retroactive interference.

Front 47

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

A) encoding failure.

B) repression.

C) implicit memory loss.

D) interference.

Back 47

D) interference.

Front 48

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

A) source amnesia.

B) proactive interference.

C) motivated forgetting.

D) the spacing effect.

Back 48

C) motivated forgetting.

Front 49

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs.

A) long-term potentiation

B) automatic processing

C) source amnesia

D) repression

Back 49

D) repression

Front 50

Loftus and Palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word “smashed” in relation to the accident later recalled

A) broken glass at the scene of the accident.
B) that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.

C) that the drivers of the vehicles were males.

D) the details of the accident with vivid accuracy

Back 50

A) broken glass at the scene of the accident.

Front 51

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

A) proactive interference.
B) the self-reference effect.

C) the spacing effect.

D) the misinformation effect.

Back 51

D) the misinformation effect.

Front 52

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of a nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping after hearing false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates

A) implicit memory.

B) proactive interference.

C) source amnesia.

D) mood-congruent memory.

Back 52

C) source amnesia.

Front 53

People with vivid imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n)

A) flashbulb memory.

B) false memory.

C) implicit memory.

D) sensory memory.

Back 53

B) false memory.

Front 54

Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to

A) persist over time.
B) have emotional overtones.

C) contain detailed information.

D) be reported with confidence.

Back 54

C) contain detailed information.

Front 55

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

A) proactive interference.

B) memory construction.

C) the spacing effect.

D) the serial position effect

Back 55

B) memory construction.

Front 56

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

A) the serial position effect
B) the spacing effect

C) the misinformation effect

D) long-term potentiation

Back 56

C) the misinformation effect

Front 57

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists is(are) likely to promote false memories in patients?

A) hypnosis

B) guided imagery

C) dream analysis

D) all of these techniques

Back 57

D) all of these techniques

Front 58

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

A) all our experiences are preserved somewhere in our minds.
B) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.
C) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse.
D) adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

Back 58

D) adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

Front 59

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates

A) proactive interference.
B) implicit memory.

C) the misinformation effect.

D) mood-congruent memory.

Back 59

C) the misinformation effect.

Front 60

Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that

A) people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events.
B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory.
C) only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable.
D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

Back 60

D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

Front 61

Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits

A) the serial position effect.

B) source amnesia.

C) proactive interference.

D) rehearsal.

Back 61

D) rehearsal.

Front 62

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

A) retrieval cues.

B) sensory memories.

C) state-dependent memories.

D) serial position effects.

Back 62

A) retrieval cues.

Front 63

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

A) the self-reference effect.

B) long-term potentiation.

C) mood-congruent memory.

D) interference

Back 63

D) interference