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295 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did Danielle and Glen meet?
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Day care
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Developmental psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life
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nature-nurture issue
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the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior
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what are environmental causes of behavior?
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the influence of parents, siblings, family, friends, schooling, nutrition and all other experiences to which a child is exposed
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what are hereditary causes of behavior?
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causes based on the genetic makeup of an individual that influence growth and development throughout life
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T or F?
development psychologist believe in nature versus nurture? |
nature-nurture (both have an effect) interactionists
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maturation
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the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior
(for example development of sex characteristics) |
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heredity determines the general characteristics of intelligence setting a(n) ________ limit
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upper
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What are physical characteristics influenced significantly by genetic factors?
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height, weight, obesity, tone of voice, blood pressure, tooth decay,
athletic ability, firmness of handshake, age of death, activity level |
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What are intellectual characteristics influenced significantly by genetic factors?
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memory, intelligence, age of language acquisition, reading disability, mental retardation
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What are emotional characteristics/dissorders influenced significantly by genetic factors?
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shyness, extraversion, emotionality, neuroticism, schizophrenia, anxiety, alcoholism
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cross-sectional research
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a research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
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cohort
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a group of people who grow up at similar times, in similar places, in similar conditions
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longitudinal research
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a research method that investigates behavior as participants age
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sequential research
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a research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time
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T or F?
Environment and heredity both influence development, with genetic potentials generally establishing limits on environmental influences |
true
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What are chromosomes and how many pairs are there?
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rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information, 23
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What are genes, how many different genes do humans have?
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the parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted, 25,000
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------program the future development of the human body
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genes
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What was the human genome project?
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2001 Scientists were able to map the specific location and sequence of every human gene, helps develop new treatment for psychological disorders
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gene therapy
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health-care provders inject genes to correct particular diseases directly into a person's bloodstream
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zygote
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the new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
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germinal period
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first 2 weeks of baby, 100-150 cells
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embryonic period
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last from week 2-8, 8" discernible arms and legs and a face
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embryo
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a developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs
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fetal period
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week 8-birth
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fetus
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a developing individual, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
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age of viability
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the point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely (odds better at 30 weeks)
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Child cannot produce an enzyme required for normal development, leads to profound mental retardation, can be treated if detected early enough
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sickle-cell anemia
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10% of African American's suffer, abnormally shaped red blood cells, causes episodes of pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems
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Tay-Sachs disease
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children born with tay-sachs disease, a disorder most often found in Jews of Eastern European ancestry, usually die by age 3 or 4 because of the body's inability to break down fat
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down syndrome
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a cause of mental retardation, occurs when the zygote recieves an extra chromosome at the moment of conception, related to mothers age, outside 18-35 range mothers are more at risk
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teratogens
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environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect
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What are the major prenatal influences on the fetus?
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mother's nutrition, mother's illness, mother's emotional state, mother's use of drugs, alcohol, nicotine use
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What is the leading cause of mental retardation?
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fetal alcohol syndome
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Diggory Read This!
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Hi!
Don't stress about this midterm, you'll do great! Good luck on your other one to. <3Brishma |
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What are some causes of infertility?
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advanced age of parents, use of drugs, or previous cases of stds
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What are some remedies for infertility?
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in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafertilization transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, a surrogate mother
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____ not only affect physical attribute, but also a variety of personal characteristics, such as cognitive abilities, personality traits, and psychological disorders
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genes
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In normal pregnancy, a fetus is born after __ weeks, weighing ___ lbs., and measuring ___ inches.
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38, 7, 20
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Specific kinds of growth must take place during a ______ period if the embryo is to develop normally
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critical
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neonate
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a newborn child
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vernix
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a white greasy covering secreted by the skin for protection before birth
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lanugo
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a soft fuzz over the entire body for protection during birth
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reflexes
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unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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rooting reflex
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causes neonates to turn their heads towards things that touch their cheeks
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gag reflex
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clears the throat
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sucking reflex
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prompts infants to suck at things that touch their lips
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startle reflex
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a series of movements in which an infant fllngs out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise
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Babinski reflex
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a baby's toes fan out when the outer edge of the soul of the foot is stroked
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habituation
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the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
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At what age can newborns recognize their mother's voices?
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3 days
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attachment
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the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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imprinting
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behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed.
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What was the significance of Harlow's monkey experiment?
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Warm cloth monkey vs. wire milk monkey. Monkeys aren't only attached to mother's for nutritional purposes, comfort is important.
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How do psychologist measure attachment?
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the Ainsworth strange situation
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What are the degrees of attachment according to Ainsworth?
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Securely attached- exhibit stress when mother leaves
Avoidant- avoid mother when she returns Ambivalent- ambivalent reactions to mother's return disorganized-disoriented- inconsistent, contradictory behavior |
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At what age to children become more independent of their parents and increasingly prefer to play with peers?
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2
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authoritarian parents
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parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children, produce unsociable, unfriendly, withdrawn children
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permissive parents
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parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them, produce moody, immature, dependent children with low self-control
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authoritative parents
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parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them, produce children with good social skills, who are likable, self-reliant and independent
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uninvolved parents
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parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached, children are indifferent and display rejecting behavior
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temperament
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basic innate disposition
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resilience
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the ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or physical harm
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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
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viewed the developmental stages occuring throughout life as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development, four of which occur during childhood
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psychosocial development
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development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society
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trust-versus-mistrust
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according to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to 1.5 years, during which infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
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autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
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the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (age 1.5 to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
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initiative-versus-guilt stage
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according to Erikson, the period during which children 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
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industry-versus-inferiority stage
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according to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children age 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable
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cognitive development
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the process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience
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What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? What are the age ranges and major characteristics?
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Sensorimotor-birth-2 years- development of object permanence, motor skills, with little or no capicty for symbolic representation
Preoperational- 2-7 development of language and symbolic thinking, egocentic thinking Concrete operational- (7-12 years) - development of coservation, mastery of concept reversability Formal operational-12 years-adulthood- development of logical and abstract thinking |
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object permanence
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the awareness that objects-and people-continue to exist even if they are out of sight
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egocentric thought
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a way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective
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principle of conservation
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the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
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information processing
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the way in which people take in, use, and store information
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metacognition
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an awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes
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zone of proximal development
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according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own
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What is one key difference between Piaget and Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?
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Vygotsky emphasized the importance of culture
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scaffolding
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assistance the provides support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
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researchers studying newborns use, ______ or the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
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habituation
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adolescence
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the development stage between childhood and adulthood
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puberty
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the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys
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What did Lawrence Kohlberg do?
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dealt with moral and cognitive development, longitudinal study on group of boys, asking about "Henry's" delimma
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According to Kohlberg what are the 3 levels of moral development?
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preconventional, conventional, postconventional
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What did Carol Gilligan argue?
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Moral development of women, morality of caring
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Identity-versus-role-confusion stage
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According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities
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identity
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the distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of
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intimacy-versus-isolation stage
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according to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships
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generativity-versus-stagnation stage
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according to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society
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ego-integrity-versus-dispair stage
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according to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures
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boomerang children
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children who return to live with their parents after adolescence
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adolescent egocentrism
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a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from his or her point of view
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______ is the 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents
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suicide
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At what age does the body start to deteriorate?
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25
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menopause
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the period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile
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hormone therapy
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menopausal women take the hormones estrogen and progesterone
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midlife transition
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period usually in early 40s when people begin to question their lives
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midlife crises
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what happens when people are dissatisfied with their lives as the approach a midlife transition
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genetic programming of aging
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theories that suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction, and that after a certain time they are no longer able to dvide
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wear-and-tear theories of aging
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theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working effeciently
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fluid intelligence
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information-processing, memory. calculations, and analogy solving
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crystallized intelligence
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intelligence based on the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience
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senility
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a broad imprecise term used to describe older adults who experience progressive deterioration of mental abilities, including memory loss, disorientation to time and place, and general confusion
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Alzheimer's disease
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a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities
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Alzheimer's occurs when...
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the production of the beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells.
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disengagement theory of aging
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a theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
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activity theory of aging
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a theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age.
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life review
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the process by which people examine and evaluate their lives
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Who developed the stages for accepting death?
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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
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What are the 5 stages of facing impending death?
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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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neutral stimulus
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a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
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unconditioned response
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a response that is natural and needs no training
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conditioned stimulus
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a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
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Who developed the principles of classical conditioning?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Who is "little Albert"?
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the baby pavlov tortured
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phobia
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an intense irrational fear
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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suffered by some war veterans, can be brought on by classic conditioning
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extinction
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a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
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spontaneous recovery
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the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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stimulus generalization
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the process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus, the more similar two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur.
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stimulus discrimination
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the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not, the ability to differentiate between stimuli
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Who is John Garcia, and what did he theorize?
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a learning psychologist, he found that some organisms were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or tasted like something that made them sick
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learned taste aversion
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when something that makes you sick no longer tastes good to you
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operant conditioning
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learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequence
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How did Thorndike develop jis law of effect?
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By putting a cat in cage with food outside, and having the cat step on a paddle to escape
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law of effect
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responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
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What is the Skinner box?
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a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study the operant conditioning process
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reinforcement
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the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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reinforcer
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any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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primary reinforcer
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satisfies some biological need and works naturally
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secondary reinforcer
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a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer
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positive reinforcer
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a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
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negative reinforcer
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an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
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punishment
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a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
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positive punishment
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weakens a response through application of unpleasant stimulus
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negative punishment
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weakens a response through a removal of pleasant stimuli
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What is a rare case in which punishment may be superior to reinforcement?
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in children with autism so they do not injure themselves
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What are some disadvantages of punishment?
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It is frequently ineffective, especially if not delivered shortly after the undesired behavior.
It can convey to the recipient the idea the physical aggression is permissible or perhaps even desirable Punishment can reduce the self-esteem of recipients It does not convey a good alternative |
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schedules of reinforcement
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different patterns of frequencyand timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
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continuous reinforcement schedule
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reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
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partial (or intermittent) reinforcemnt schedule
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reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
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Learning occurs more rapidly under a _____ reinforcement schedule, but behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a _____ reinforcement schedule
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continuous, partial
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fixed-ratio schedule
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a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
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variable-ratio schedule
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a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
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fixed-interval schedule
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a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low
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variable-interval
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a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
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stimulus control training
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the process by which people learn to discriminate stimuli, a behavior is reinforced in the process of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence.
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discriminative stimulus
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signals that the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response
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shaping
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the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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biological constraints
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built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors
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What is the basic principle of classic conditioning?
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building associations between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response
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What is the basic principle of operant conditioning?
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organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. After behavior occurs, the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior's consequences
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What is the order of events of operant conditioning?
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reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior; punishment leads to a decrease in behavior
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What is the order of events of classical conditioning?
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before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus leads an unconditioned response. After conditioning, a conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response
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behavior modification
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a formalized technique for promoting the frequency od desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
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behavior analyst
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a psychologists who specialized in behavior-modification techniques
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What are the steps of behavior modification?
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1. identifying goals and target behaviors
2. designing a data recording system and recording preliminary data 3. selecting a behavior-change strategy 4. implementing the program 5. keeping careful records after the program is implemented 6. evaluating and altering the ongoing program |
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cognitive learning theory
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an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
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latent learning
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learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
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According to the cognitive approach people and even lower animals develop an ______ that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response
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expectation
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observational learning
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learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model
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Albert Bandura
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observational learning/ social cognitive approach to learning
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mirror neurons
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fire when we observe another person carrying out behavior
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What is the key point of observational behavior?
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The behavioral models who are rewarded for a given behavior is more likely to be imitated than behavior in which the model is punished for behavior
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relational learning style
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master material best through exposure to a full unit or phenomenon
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analytical learning style
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carry out an initial analysis of the principles and components underlying a phenomenon or situation
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What are the characteristics of relational style learning?
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1. perceive information as part of total picture
2. exhibit improvational and intuitive thinking 3. More easily learn materials that have a human, social content and are characterized by experimental/cultural relevance 4. have a good memory for verbally presented ideas and information,especially if relavent 5. are more tasked-oriented concerning nonacademic areas 6. are influenced by authority figures' expression of confidence or doubt in students' ability 7. prefer to withdraw from unstimulated task performance 8. style conflicts with the traditional school environment |
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What are the characteristics of analytical style?
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1. able to dis-embed information from total picture (focus on detail)
2. exhibit sequential and structured thinking 3. more easily learn materials that are inanimate and impersonal 4. have a good memory for abstract ideas and irrelevant info 5. are more task-oriented concerning academics 6. aree not greatly affected by the opinions of others 7. show ability to persist an unstimulated tasks 8. style matches most school environments |
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encoding
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The initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory
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storage
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the maintenance of material saved in memory
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retrieval
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retrieving info from memory
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memory
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the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
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three-system approach to memory
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sensory, short-term, long-term memory
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How long does it take to forget sensory memory?
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1 second
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How long does it take to forget things in short-term memory
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15-25 second
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How can you retain information in short-term memory?
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repetitive rehearsal
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How can you retain information in long-term memory?
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elaborative rehearsal
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sensory memory
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the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
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short-term memory
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memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds
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long-term memory
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memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
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iconic memory
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reflects information from the visual system
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echoic memory
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stores auditory information coming from the ears
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George Sperling
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sensory memory testing
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chunk
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a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
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rehearsal
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the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
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elaborative rehearsal
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occurs when the information is considered and organized in some fashion
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mnemonic
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we can vastly improve our retention of information
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working memory
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a set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information
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central executive
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part of working memory that is involved in reasoning and decision making
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What are the 3 distinct storage-and-rehearsal systems of the central executive?
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visual store, the verbal store, the episodic buffer
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visual store
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specializes in visual and spatial information
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verbal store
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holds and manipulates material related to speech, words, and numbers
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episodic buffer
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contains information that represents episodes or events
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serial position effect
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the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears
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primary effect
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items presented early in a list are remembered better
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recency effect
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items presented late in a list are remembered best
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memory modules
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different components of memory
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declarative memory
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memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like
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procedural memory
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memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball, sometimes reffered to as nondeclarative memory
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semantic memory
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memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts
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episodic memory
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memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
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semantic networks
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mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
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spreading activation
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activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories
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engram
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the term for the physical memory trace that corresponds to a memory
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hippocampus
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part of the brain's limbic system plays a central role in the consolidation of memories. Located within the brain's medial temporal lobes, aids in the initial encoding of information, acting as a kind of neurological e-mail system. That info is then passed along the cerebral cortex of the brain where it is actually stored
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medial temporal lobes
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just behind the eyes
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amygalda
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another part of the limbic system that plays an important role in memory especially in memories tied to emotion
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long-term potentiation
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shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned. At the same time, the number of synapses between neurons increase as the dendrites branch out to receive messages.
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consolidation
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process in which memories become fixed and and stable in long-term memory
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory
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recall
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memory task in which specific information must be retrieved
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recognition
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memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
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retrieval cue
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a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is i long-term memory
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levels-of-processing theory
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the theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
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explicit memory
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intentional or conscious recollections of info
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implicit memory
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memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
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priming
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a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called a prime) later makes it easier to recall related info, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept
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flashbulb memories
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memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event
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retention without remembering
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when our behavior is influenced by experiences of which we are unaware
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source amnesia
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occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it before
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constructive processes
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processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events
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schemas
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organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled (black guy knife pic)
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Frederick Bartlett
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British psychologist who stated that memory is based on constructive processes
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Who is Calvin Willis?
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spent 20 years in jail after being wrongly identified as a rapist
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Who is George Franklin Sr.?
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Daughter accused him of murdering her childhood playmate, repressed memory
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repressed memory
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recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious
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false memory
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develop when people are unable to recall the source of a memory of a particular event about which they have only vague recollections
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autobiographical memories
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our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives
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Who is H.M.?
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Severe amnesia
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Who first studied forgetting?
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Forgetting occurs _____.
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Systematically
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When does most rapid forgetting occur?
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the first hour
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After ____ hours the rate of forgetting decreases a little.
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9
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decay
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the loss of information through nonuse
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interference
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the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
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cue-dependent forgetting
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forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
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proactive interference
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interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
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retroactive interference
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interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material
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memory traces
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the physical changes that take place in the brain
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Alzheimer's disease
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an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems
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What is a possible cause of Alzheimer's?
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an inherited susceptibility to a defect in the production of the protein beta amyloid, which is necessary for the maintenance of nerve cell connections
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amnesia
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memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
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retrograde amnesia
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amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event
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anterograde amnesia
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amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury
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korsakoff's syndrome
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a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story
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Tor F? Except for Alzheimer's disease, memory disorders are relatively rare
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false
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What are effective studying strategies?
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use the keyword technique, rely on organization cues, take effective notes, practice and rehearse, don't buy into "memory pills"
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Why do we forget info?
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decay, interference, and cue-dependent forgetting
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intelligence
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the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively, when faced with challenges
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g or g-factor
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the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence
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fluid intelligence
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intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
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crystallized intelligence
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the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations
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theory of multiple intelligences
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Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence
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What are Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?
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musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
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existential intelligence
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involves identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence
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What is the information-processing approach to intelligence?
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the way people store material in memory and use that material to solve intellectual tasks provides the most accurate measure of intelligence
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Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of the ____.
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cerebral cortex
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practical intelligence
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according to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living
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emotional intelligence
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the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
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traditional intelligence relates to ___?
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academic performance
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What are Sternberg's two other basic interrelated types of successful intelligence?
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analytical and creative
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What are the 5 most common approaches to intelligence?
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fluid/crystalized intelligence, Gardner's multiple intelligences, information-processing approaches, practical intelligence, emotional intelligence
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intelligence tests
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tests developed to quantify a person's level of intelligence
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How did Galton try to measure intelligence?
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size of brain/head?
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Who developed the first intelligence test?
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Alfred Binet
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mental age
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the average age of individuals who achieve a particular level of performance on a test
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intelligence quotient
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a score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages
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deviation IQ scores
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the average test score is assigned a 100, based on deviation
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
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test consists of a series of items that vary in nature according to the age of the person being tested
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achievement test
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a test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work (SAT)
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reliability
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the property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
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validity
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the property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure
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norms
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standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test
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standardized tests
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tests for which norms have been developed
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adaptive testing
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students do not necessarily receive identical sets of test questions
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mental retardation (intellectual disability)
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a condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
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What are the IQ ranges for mentally retarded individuals?
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mild retardation (55-69)
moderate retardation (40-54) severe retardation (25-39) profound retardation (under 25) |
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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the most common cause of mental retardation in newborns, occuring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
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familial retardation
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mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family
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down syndrome
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mental retardation resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome
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mainstreaming
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the process of integrating mentally retarded children into regular classrooms as much as possible
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full inclusion
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the integration of all students into regular classes
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intellectually gifted
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the 2-4% of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130
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What/who did Terman study?
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gifted children
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who is a famous "Termite" president?
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Raegan
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culture-fair IQ test
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a test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
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heritability
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a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
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The differences in IQ scores are much greater when comparing ____ than when comparing ____.
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individuals, groups
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The Bell Curve
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book that used dumb arguments to prove the white ppl are genetically more intelligent than black ppl
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