Psych 267 Flashcards Up To Midterm ? Ppt 5

Front 1

Problems faced by the visual system

Back 1

The image of the retina is ambiguous. Inverse Projection Problem. Many objects in the environment are hidden from view. Objects look different from different viewpoints. View point invariance.

Front 2

Inverse projection problem

Back 2

An image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects. Use multiple viewpoints. Use previous experience.

Front 3

Gestalt laws of perceptual organization

Back 3

Perceptual organization is grouping of elements together to create a larger object. Law of simplicity, law of similarity, Good continuation, proximity, common region, uniform connectedness, synchrony, Common fate.

Front 4

Law of simplicity

Back 4

every stimulus is seen in a way that the structure is as simple as possible.

Front 5

Law of similarity

Back 5

Similar things appear to be grouped together.

Front 6

Good continuation

Back 6

Points that appear to make a smoothly curving line when connected will be grouped together.

Front 7

Proximity

Back 7

things that are near one another will be grouped together.

Front 8

Common region

Back 8

Elements in the same region of space will be grouped together.

Front 9

Uniform connectedness

Back 9

A connected region of visual properties is perceived as a single unit.

Front 10

Synchrony

Back 10

Visual events that occur at the same time are seen as belonging together.

Front 11

Common fate

Back 11

Objects moving in the same direction are grouped together.

Front 12

Meaningfulness or familiarity

Back 12

Things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful will be grouped together.

Front 13

Distinguishing figure from ground

Back 13

Figure ground segregation. Figure seems to be more object like. Figure seems to be in front of the background. The contours bordering the figure and ground appear to belong to the figure (border ownership).

Front 14

Recognition by components

Back 14

Recognition by components theory explains how basic units of objects can be combined to make larger objects.

Front 15

Geons

Back 15

A perceptual alphabet (approx 36) to construct objects

Front 16

Non accidental properties

Back 16

Properties of edges in the retinal image that correspond to edges in the 3D environment. Each geon has a unique set of non accidental properties. Non accidental properties allow for viewpoint invariance.

Front 17

Principle of componential recovery

Back 17

If we can recognize the individual geons we can recognize the object. Allows us to recognize occluded objects. Deleting contours from objects that specify the relation between geons impairs recognition.

Front 18

Scene perception

Back 18

We are able to extract information from scenes extremely rapidly (less than 250ms)

Front 19

How can we perceive the gist of a scene so rapidly?

Back 19

Global image features that are rapidly perceived. Degree of naturalness, degree of openness, degree of roughness, degree of expansion, colour.

Front 20

Physical regularities

Back 20

Regularly occurring physical properties in the environment

Front 21

Semantic regularities

Back 21

Previous experience, knowledge and expectations also allow us to process scenes quickly. Allow us to make rapid inferences about scenes. Likelihood principle - we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimulation received.

Front 22

Physiology of object and scene perception

Back 22

Neural responses to grouping in V1. Good continuation and similarity.

Front 23

Neural responses to figure ground

Back 23

Response in V1 was modulated by whether the stimulus in the receptive field was seen as 'figure' or 'ground'. Stimulus on the retinal remains constant but the neuron changes its response.

Front 24

Neural coding of objects

Back 24

Distributed coding- when a particular object is represented by the firing of a group of neurons. Sparse coding - coding of objects by only a few neurons. Distributed coding within a brain region and between brain regions.

Front 25

EBA

Back 25

responds to bodies

Front 26

FFA

Back 26

responds to faces

Front 27

LOC

Back 27

responds to objects

Front 28

PPA

Back 28

responds to places

Front 29

Binocular rivalry

Back 29

A different image is presented to each eye simultaneously. the subject can only be aware of one image at a time.

Front 30

Mind reading with fMRI

Back 30

Created a statistical model that was able to correlate patterns of activation in V1 with different orientations. The model was accurate at determining which orientation was presented in a different group of subjects.