Abnormal Psych Ppt 4 Midterm

Front 1

The question is about the nature of the problems people report

Back 1

What problems cause distres and impair functioning (first)

Hint 1

Important concept in examining abnormal ehavior

Front 2

The question considers the causes, or etiology, of abnormal behavior; we explore strategies for discoving why a disorder occured

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Why do people behave in unusual ways (2nd)

Hint 2

Important concepts in examining abnormal behavior

Front 3

The reason is because we want to help people who have disorders, we describe how researchers evaluate treatments

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How do we help them behave in more adsaptiuve ways? (3rd)

Hint 3

Important concepts in examininf abnormal behavior

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An educated guess or statement to be supported by data

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Hypothesis

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The ability to support the hypothesis

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Testability

Front 6

The plan for testing the hypothesis. Affected by the question addressed, by the hypothesis, and by practical considerations

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Research design

Front 7

Something that is expoected to change or be influenced by the study. Some aspect of the phenomenon that is measured and is expected to be changed or influenced by the independent variable

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Dependent variable

Front 8

The factors that thought to affect the dependent variables. The aspect manipulated or thought to influence the change in the dependent variable

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Independent variable

Front 9

The extent to which the results of the study can be attributed to the internal variable

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Internal validity

Front 10

The extent to which the results of the study can be generalized or applied outside the immediate study

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External validity

Front 11

Defined as any factior occuring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because a variable other than the independent variable may also affect the dependent variable

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Confound (or confounding variable)

Front 12

People who are similar to the experimental group in every way except they are not exoosed to the independent variable

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Control groups

Front 13

Consists od the subjects exposwd to the independent variable

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Experimental group

Front 14

The proces of assigning people to different research groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group

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Randomization

Front 15

Create in the controlled conditions of the laboratory aspects that are comparable to the phenomenon under study

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Analogue models

Front 16

The extent to which results apply to everyone with a particulzr disorder

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Generalizability

Front 17

A mathematical calculation about the difference between groups

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Statistical significance

Front 18

Whether or not the difference was meaningful for those who are affected

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Clinical significance

Front 19

The tendency to see all participants as one homogeneous group

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Patient uniformity myth

Front 20

The descriptive record of an individual's experiences, behaviors, or both kept by an outside

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Case study

Front 21

A statistical relationship between two variables

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Correlation

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Great strength or quantity in one variable is associated with great strenght or quantity in the other variable

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Positive correlation

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As one increases, the other decreases

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Negative correlation

Front 24

Allows us to see whether a relationship exist between two variables but not to draw conclusions about whether either vatiable causes the effects

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Correlation

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Even an extremely strong relationship between two variables show nothing about the direction of casuality

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Directionality

Front 26

Study of incidence, distribution, and consequences of a particular problem or set of problems in one or more populations

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Epidemiology

Front 27

The number of people with a disorder at any one time

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Prevalence

Front 28

The estimated number of new cases during a specific period

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Incidence

Front 29

Involves the manipulation of an independent variable and observation of its effects

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Experiment

Front 30

More active; they actually change an independent variable to see how the behavior of the people in the group is affected

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Group experimental designs

Front 31

Introducing or withdrawing a variable in a way that would not have occured naturally

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Manipuilating a variable

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Experiment used to determine the effectiveness and safety of a treatment or treatment/s

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Clinical trial

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When behavior changes as a result of a person'a expectation of change rather than as a result of any manipulation by an experimenter.

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Placebo effect

Front 34

-inacive medications such as sugar pills

-it is given to members of the control group to make them believe they are getting treatment

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Placebo

Front 35

A variant of the placebo control group procedure

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Double-blind control

Front 36

Unaware of what group they are in

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"Blind"

Front 37

If the treatment that wasn't expected to work seemed to be failing, the reseracher might not push as hard to see it suceeded

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Allegiance effect

Front 38

The researcher gives different treatyment to two or more comparable groups of people with a particular disorder and can then assess how owr whether each treatment helped the people who received it

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Comparative treatment research

Front 39

Focuses on the mechanisms responsible for behavior change, or "why does it work?"

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Process research

Front 40

It involves ythe systematic study of individuals under of variety of experimental designs

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Single-case experimental design

Front 41

A behavior is measured several times instead of only one before you change the independent variable and once afterward

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Repeated measurements

Front 42

One of the more common strategies used in single subject matter research, in which the researcher tries to determine whether the independent variable is responsible for changer in behavior

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Withdrawal designs

Front 43

Periods when the medication is withdrawn so that clinicians can determine whether it is responsible for the treatment effects

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Drug holidays

Front 44

Anoter single-case experimental design strategy used often that doesnt have some of the drawbacks of a withdrawal design

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Multiple baseline

Front 45

Observable characteristics or behavior of the individual

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Phenotypes

Front 46

Unique genetic makeup of indivudal people

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Genotypes

Front 47

Genetic mechanisms that ultimately contreibute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and diffficulties experienced by people with psychplogical disorders

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Endophenotypes

Front 48

Scientists simple examine a behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family

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Family studies

Front 49

Family members with the trait single out for the study

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Proband

Front 50

Scientists identidy adoptees who have a particular behavioral pattern or psychplogical disorder and attempt to locate fiest-degree relatives who were raised in different family settings

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Adoptiom studies

Front 51

In this study, the obvious scientific question is whether identical twins share the same trait more often than fraternal twins

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Twin studies

Front 52

When a family disorder is studies, other inherited characteristics are assessed at the same time

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Genetic linkage analysis

Front 53

Second strategy for locating specific genes; also uses genetic markers

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Association studies

Front 54

An additional reason for studying clinical problems over time is that we may be able to design interventions and services to prevent these problems

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Prevention research

Front 55

Involve efforts to blanket entire populations of people— even those who may not be at risk—to prevent later problems and promote protective behaviors. The intervention is not designed to fix existing problems but, instead, focuses on skill building

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Health promotion or positive development strategies

Front 56

Focus on entire populations and target certain specific risk factors (for example, behavior problems in inner-city classrooms) without focusing on specific individuals

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Universal prevention strategies

Front 57

Specifically targets whole groups at risk (for example, children who have parents who have died) and design specific interventions aimed at helping them avoid future problems

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Selective prevention

Front 58

A strategy for those individuals who are beggining to show signs of problems (for example, depressive symptoms) bur do not yet have a psychplogical disorder

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Indicated prevention

Front 59

A variation of correlation research is to compare diffetent people at different ages. Researchers take a cross section of population across the different age groups and compare them on some characteristic

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Cross-sectional designs

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The confounding of age and experience, is a limitation od the cross-sectional design

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Cohort effect

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Rather than looking at different groups of people of differing ages, researchers may follow one group over time and assess change in its members directly

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Longitudinal designs

Front 62

Involves trying to generalize the findings to groups whose experiences are differemt from those of the study participants

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Cross-generational effect

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Involves trying to generalize the findings to groups whose experiences are differemt from those of the study participants

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Cross-generational effect

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Involves repeated study of different cohorts over time

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Sequential design

Front 65

Replicating findings is what makes researchers confident that what they are observing isnt a coincidence

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Replication