Psych 267 Flashcards Up To Midterm ? Ppt 6

Front 1

Selective attention

Back 1

We need to filter out irrelevant information and selectively attend to relevant information. Typically we shift our attention from one object to another by moving our eyes. Fovea as the focus of attention. Eye gaze as a social cue.

Front 2

Fixations

Back 2

Keeping the eye fixed on a specific location for a period of time.

Front 3

Saccades

Back 3

rapid jerky eye movements from one location to another

Front 4

Salience

Back 4

Characterisitics that stand out in the scene. Physical properties such as colour, brightness, contrast, orientation, abrupt onset, cause reflexive shifts of attention. Relies on bottom up and top down processing.

Front 5

Reflexive attention

Back 5

Automatic, effortless, bottom up, rapid.

Front 6

Voluntary attention

Back 6

Controlled, requires effort, top down, slow.

Front 7

Visual search

Back 7

Looking for a specific item among distractors. Some features are critical and grab attention automatically. Pop out search. Serial search.

Front 8

Pop out search

Back 8

Reaction time does not change with the number of distractors.

Front 9

Serial search

Back 9

Reaction time increases with the number of distractors.

Front 10

What determines where we look

Back 10

Knowledge about the scene, goals of the observer.

Front 11

Reddy et al. experiment

Back 11

Used a dual task paradigm to measure the link between focused attention and perception. central task, peripheral task, dual task. Participants performed well in single task conditions. In dual task conditions participants were better at discriminating between faces compared to letters.

Front 12

Inattentional Blindness

Back 12

Mack and Rock asked participants to indicate whether the horizontal or vertical portion of a cross was longer from trial to trial. In some trials an additional object was presented and many failed to notice it.

Front 13

Attention and change detection

Back 13

One of the most important functions that attention serves is to detect changes in the environment. Sudden changes result in motion transients that trigger reflexive shifts of attention. If these motion transients are masked it has a dramatic influence on change detection.

Front 14

Attention vs. eye movements

Back 14

Subjects can attend to different spatial locations without making eye movements. Premotor theory.

Front 15

Covert visual attention

Back 15

If a participant is cued to attend to a specific location they are faster to respond compared to an uncued location. cues do not need to be informative.

Front 16

Inhibition of return (Posner and Cohen)

Back 16

When attention is reflexively drawn to a peripheral location, perception is facilitated at that location for a short time. Shortly afterwards, processing at the same location is slowed.

Front 17

Attention within vs. Between objects

Back 17

Does attention focus on a specific location, or can it spread to an entire object? Cue appeared in the upper or lower portion of one object. Target appeared either in the same location, within the same object, or in the uncued object.

Front 18

Effects of attention on perception (Carrasco et al.)

Back 18

Used a cuing paradigm to investigate the link between attention and perception. The cue is presented, two gratings are presented simultaneously (different orientations), report the orientation of the grating that was of higher contrast. When the gratings were of equal contrast, participants selected the one that was in the position of the cue.

Front 19

Binding

Back 19

Process by which features such as colour, form, motion, texture etc. are bound together to create the perception of a coherent object.

Front 20

Feature integration theory

Back 20

Proposes that binding occurs in two stages. Pre-attentive stage and focused attention stage. Activation in the ventral stream would process information about form, colour, etc. Activation in the dorsal stream would process information about location, motion.

Front 21

Pre-attentive stage

Back 21

Object is broken down into constituent features by the visual system (does not require attention)

Front 22

Focused attention stage

Back 22

Features are recombined to perceive an entire coherent object

Front 23

Illusory conjunctions

Back 23

Occur when features of one object become incorrectly associated with another object. Present images for 200ms followed by a mask. Participants reported illusory conjunctions on 18% of trials

Front 24

Neural synchrony and binding

Back 24

Neurons in different parts of the brain are responding to the same object may fire synchronously.

Front 25

Physiology of attention

Back 25

SPL, IPL, IPS, LIP

Front 26

SPL

Back 26

superior parietal lobe

Front 27

IPL

Back 27

Inferior parietal lobe

Front 28

IPS

Back 28

Intraparietal sulcus

Front 29

LIP

Back 29

Lateral intraparietal sulcus

Front 30

Attention signals in area LIP (Colby et al.)

Back 30

Recorded from neurons in monkey parietal area LIP when the monkey was not attending, or attending to a peripheral stimulus in its receptive field.

Front 31

Salience maps in area LIP

Back 31

Neurons in LIP respond best to stimuli that suddenly appear in the neurons receptive field.

Front 32

The biased competition model

Back 32

Neurons can bias attention towards stimuli at a specific spatial location. Baseline activity of ventral stream neurons is increased when the attended location is within the neurons receptive field.

Front 33

Cognitive neuroscience of attention

Back 33

Activity in many brain regions are modulated by attention. A great deal of evidence implicates the parietal cortex is the source of control signals.

Front 34

Dorsal attention network

Back 34

Allocation of attention to a specific location in space. Superior parietal lobule.

Front 35

Ventral attention network

Back 35

Interrupts the current focus of attention in order to reorient to new stimuli. Right hemisphere. Inferior parietal lobule.

Front 36

Balint's Syndrome

Back 36

Due to bilateral lesions of occipital-parietal cortex. 3 main symptoms: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, Simultanagnosia.

Front 37

Optic ataxia

Back 37

Problems with visually guided action

Front 38

Ocular apraxia

Back 38

Difficulty fixating, scanning, and initiating eye movements. Neglect of left space.

Front 39

Simultanagnosia

Back 39

Inability to perceive more than one object at a time. Attentions can be space based or object based. Can perceive objects correctly but only attend to one at a time. Attentional 'tunnel vision'.

Front 40

The right IPL and spatial neglect

Back 40

The inability to respond or attend to stimuli in contralesional space. Behave as if the left half of the world ceases to exist. Cannot be due to a primary sensory or motor deficit.

Front 41

Neglect and sensory extinction

Back 41

Extinction task: two stimuli presented simultaneously to the left and right of the patients midline (left target typically extinguished). Rightward attentional bias. However, neglect and extinction are dissociable.

Front 42

Representational neglect

Back 42

Neglect is not a disorder of vision or memory. Even when asked to imagine scenes the patient neglects the left, and this is viewpoint dependent.