Psych 221 - Chapter 5

Front 1

Difference between sex and gender?

Back 1

Sex = biological status of being male or female
Gender = social categories of male or female, established according to cultural beliefs and practices

Front 2

What is the female gender description in traditional cultures?

Back 2

1. Early work responsibility.
2. Girls maintain close relationship with mothers.
3. Focus on preparation for marriage
4. Socialization gets narrower, contracts at Adolescence

Front 3

What is male gender description in traditional cultures?

Back 3

Adol. boys have less interaction with families, greater interaction with peers.
Socialization becomes broader, their world expands.
Some sexual experience expected.

Front 4

What and who did Chinas study?
Key finding?

Back 4

Chinas studied adolescent girls in Mexican village.
Identified example of gender specific expectation.
Girls are subject to authority of female adult because of status of adult and being older age.

Front 5

What stages for adol. female did Chinas describe?

Back 5

Prior to Adol: female freedom to shop at market to develop mental skills. Only go to school until 6yrs old to learn to read.
During Adol. limited activity in village, focus on learning household chores. kept under close surveillance.
About 16 yrs old: attend public fiestas, PASEO

Front 6

What are differences between female and male gender expectations in traditional cultures?

Back 6

Boys: MANHOOD is something to be achieved. There is a possibility of failure.
Girls: WOMANHOOD is inevitable, mainly through biological changes. It is reached naturally during Adol. and marked by menarche.

Front 7

What is FLOJO?

Back 7

Spanish for "failed man" = translated as flabby, lazy, useless.

Front 8

What three capacities did David Gilmore (1991) define for manhood for all traditional cultures?
Define each.

Back 8

1. Provide: demonstrate economically useful skills to support wife and family.
2. Protect: show can contribute to the protection of the family and community from animals or other humans. Ability to use weapons.
3. Procreate: gain some degree of sexual experience before marriage. Prove can produce children.

Front 9

What two character qualities define David Gilmore's Provide capacity?

Back 9

diligence + stamina

Front 10

What two character qualities define David Gilmore's Protect capacity for manhood?

Back 10

courage + fortitude

Front 11

What two character qualities define David Gilmore's Procreate capacity for manhood?

Back 11

confidence + boldness

Front 12

Who are the Mehinaku?
Where do they live?
Why are they important to gender study?

Back 12

Culture that lives in remote Brazil. Not affected by globalization.

Front 13

What does a Mehinaki adolescent male need to do to prove his manhood?

Back 13

1. Provide: fish and hunt, often on long treks. Develops character qualities of diligence, stamina and courage.
2. Protect: Learn to fight and wield weapons against neighboring tribes. Mehinaku men engage in daily wrestling matches.
3. Procreate: sex is favorite topic. Failure to "perform" becomes public.
4. Spend time with other males away from home, NOT with mother or wife at home!"trash yard man"

Front 14

Describe Western culture in 18th and 19th century for females.

Back 14

1. middle class: careers only teacher, nurse, seamstress
2. Focus on appearance
3. girls as fragile and innocent
4. viewed as less biologically and cognitively able
5. virginity considered essential
6. Limited discussion with girls of menarche

Front 15

Describe Western culture in 1920's for females

Back 15

1920s: Virginity loses "near sacred" status. Leg shaving and dieting begin.
1940s: menarche begins being discussed at school

Front 16

Who is Joan Brumberg (1997)?
What is her key statement?

Back 16

1. Wrote Body Project: history of American Girls.
2. Girls left ignorant of biological working of their bodies.
3. Beginning of YWCA, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls provided:
Protective umbrella for nurturing Adol. girls.
Did not focus on physical appearance
Focus on character: self control, service to others and God
Key statement: Girls are less constricted today, but more vulnerable.

Front 17

Who is Anthony Rotundo (1993)?

Back 17

Defined American manhood into 3 time periods, naming each.
1. Communal manhood
2. Self-made manhood
3. Passionate manhood

Front 18

Describe communal period of American manhood.

Back 18

1. Communal: 17th and 18th century. Focus adolesc. males on preparing to assume adult role in work and family. Prepare for community and family responsibilities more important than striving for personal achievement and economic success.

Front 19

Describe self-made period of American manhood.
What is decision of character?

Back 19

2. Self-made: 19th century, as society becomes urbanized. Individualism grows, males expected to become independent from family in Adol. and Emerg. Adulthood, rather than interdependent.
Decision of character: passage from undisciplined youth to self-control and independent adult.

Front 20

Describe passionate period of American manhood.

Back 20

Individualism continues to increase.
Emotions such as anger and sexual desire regarded more favorable, and as part of the ideal man.
Paramount virtues change:
Self expression replaces self-control
Self enjoyment replaces self-denial

Front 21

Who identified and what is the cognitive development theory of gender?

Back 21

Kohlberg (based on Piaget's ideas about cog. dev.)
1. Asserts that gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world.
2. Children develop thru a predictable series of stages in their understanding of gender.

Front 22

What is gender identity?
At what age is it reached?

Back 22

Children's understanding of themselves as being either male or female.
About 3 years of age.

Front 23

What is self socialization?

Back 23

W.R.T gender: self-socialization refers to the way children seek and maintain consistency between the norms they have learned about gender and their behavior.

Front 24

What is gender schema theory and who described it?
Define schema.

Back 24

Theory (using Piaget's ideas) in which gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world.
Schema - mental structure for organizing and interpreting information.

Front 25

Gentle and yielding are examples of what traits?

Back 25

Expressive traits: Personality characteristics, gentle and yielding more often ascribed to females.
Emphasizes emotions and relationships.

Front 26

Self reliant and forceful are examples of what traits?

Back 26

Instrumental traits: Personality characteristics, more often ascribed to males, emphasizing action and accomplishment.

Front 27

Define androgyny.

Back 27

A combination of "male" and "female" personality traits.

Front 28

What is machismo? Is it a stereotype?

Back 28

Ideology of manhood, common for Latinos, emphasizing males dominance over females. Machismo could be a stereotype, as it is a belief that others posses certain characteristics simply as a result of their gender.

Front 29

Why do we persist in believing capabilities are gender based?

Back 29

social role theory. Theory that social roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities.
2. then, males and females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, leading to gender specific behaviors.

Front 30

In research, define
meta analysis
effect size
bell curve

Back 30

meta analysis - statistical technique that integrates data from many studies into one comprehensive statistical analysis
effect size - difference between two groups in a meta-analysis, represented by letter d.
bell curve/normal distribution: shape of curve representing many human characteristics, with most people around the average and decreasing in proportion toward the extremes

Front 31

What is Broad socialization?

Back 31

Defn: the PROCESS by which persons in individualistic cultures come to learn individualism. Broad socialization cultures favor individualism, encouraging individual uniqueness, independence and self-expression.

Front 32

What is narrow socialization?

Back 32

defn: the PROCESS by which persons in collectivistic culture learn collectivism, including values such as obedience and conformity. Also discourage deviation from cultural expectations. Likely to be stronger sense of collective identity and greater social order, at expense of suppression of individual uniqueness.

Front 33

What is gender intensification hypothesis, and who proposed it?

Back 33

Psychologists John HILL and Mary Ellen LYNCH.
Hypothesized that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to CONFORM to culturally prescribed gender roles.

Front 34

What are examples of gender intensification?

Back 34

Girls: become more self-conscious than boys about appearance because attractiveness is so important in the female gender role. Girls become more adept at forming intimate relationships. Some findings indicate gender intensification does not occur equally for adol., but especially strong with adol. exposed to family socialization pressure to conform to traditional gender roles.

Front 35

What is media form with most impact on gender socialization?
Why?

Back 35

Magazines. Girls especially, as focus of all magaxzines is on gender specific messages - physical appearance, attracting boys, fashion, promotion of girls toward traditional roles. How supposed to look and act.
Boys magazines - not clearly gender focussed.

Front 36

What problems does gender socialization create in girls?

Back 36

Girls: focus on appearance leads to distress about body image. Emphasis on thinness, leads to extremes (eating disorders both not enough and too much).

Front 37

What problems does gender socialization create in boys?

Back 37

problem at core is aggressiveness. Physical and verbal aggression: directing half joking insults, name calling "faggot", etc. calling manhood in question. Boys defend using verbal first, then physical. Aggression used to establish social hierarchies. Also contributes to problem behaviors and emerging adulthood: drinking, vandalism, etc.

Front 38

Who invented the word self esteem and when?

Back 38

American Willliam James in late 19th century. US is a place where independent self is valued and promoted, above all other countries.