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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major depression |
-definining feature: loss of pleasure -anhedonia -guilt & grief -delusional thinking -psychomotor retardation -elevated glucocorticoid levels, smaller hippocampus, |
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anhedonia |
-inability to feel pleasure -also called dysphoria -consistent among depressives |
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Aaron Beck |
-considered depression to be primarily a disorder of thought rather than emotion -depressives tend to see the world in a distorted, negative way |
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psychomotor retardation |
-person moves & speaks slowly -everything requires tremendous effort and concentration -severely, profoundly depressed people rarely attempt suicide (not enough energy to do so) |
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effects of glucocortioicds |
-problems with hippocampal-dependent (declarative) memory -can deplete dopamine from pathway & effect other 2 neurotransmitters -can suppress immune system -increased risk of osteoporosis & heart disease -smaller frontal cortex |
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unipolar depression |
-fluctuates from feeling extremely depressed to feeling reasonably normal |
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bipolar depression |
-fluctuates between deep depression and wild, disorganized hyperactivity -also called manic depression |
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
-rhythm of depression symptoms is annual -sufferers get depressed during winter -retinal cells send average amount of light to limbic system |
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3 neurotransmitters involved in depression |
-norepinephrine -serotonin -dopamine |
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tricyclics |
-class of antidepressants that stop the repute of neurotransmitters -neurotransmitter remains in synapse longer -work on all 3 neurotransmitters |
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MAO inhibitors |
-class of antidepressants that block the degradation of neurotransmitters in the synapse by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase -work on all 3 neurotransmitters |
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timing of depression |
-it takes anti-depressants much longer to work for depressed people -theory 1: too much neurotransmitters; cell stops listening and down regulates the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter to decrease its sensitivity to that messenger -theory 2: not enough neurotransmitters; post-synaptic cells shut off some of the receptors to neurotransmitters; serve as feedback signal to decide how much more neurotransmitters should be released; auto receptors on the first neuron will down-regulate more than receptors on the second |
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
-reduces norepinephrine auto-receptors -person feels immediately better; leads to down-regulation |
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serotonin |
-involved in incessant ideation and ruminating thoughts -SSRIs effective on people with OCD -obsessive sense of doom, failure, and despair -many different subtypes of receptors |
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norepinephrine |
-locus ceruleus sprays all over brain to wake up cortex -lowers threshold so you respond faster -makes you more alert -not enough in depression (psychomotor retardation) |
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dopamine |
-pleasure pathway -the more addictive it is, the more it hits the dopamine system -lack of amount in depression (dysphoria) |
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substance P |
-plays a role in pain perception -tells brain that there's pain through spinal cord -drugs that block substance P work as anti-depressants
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limbic system |
-motivation -emotion |
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hypothalamus |
-regulates process like breathing and heart rate |
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cortex |
-abstract cognition & imagination -tells depressed people negative thoughts -cortex thinks abstract negative thought and convinces the rest of the brain that it's as real as a physical stressor |
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cingulotomy |
-on people with vastly crippling depressions that are resistant to drugs, ECT or therapy -disconnects anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from rest of brain |
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anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) |
-emotional component of pain -feelings about pain and negative emotions -associated with extreme negative emotions and sorrow -also associated with social neglect & isolation -overactive in depression; almost always activated (constant negative thoughts) -neurons respond to pain of all sorts |
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amygdala |
-hyperactive in depressives -usually activated with fear in depression, no change when they see fear; instead, way more active to sadness |
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prefrontal cortex (PFC) |
-highly responsive to mood -lateralization in brain -right: negative emotions -left: positive emotions -in depression: decreased left PFC activity and elevated right PFC activity |
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factors that affect depression |
-neurochemistry -neuroanatomy -genetics -immunology -endocrinology |
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genetics & depression |
-the more closely related two individuals are, the more genes they share in common and the more likely they are to share a depressive trait -the more genes people share within a family, the more environment they share as well |
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immunology & depression |
-chronic illness that involves over activation of immune system is more likely to cause depression than other equally severe and prolonged illnesses that don't involve the immune system |
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cytokines |
-act as messengers between immune cells -can stimulate CRH release, which increases ACTH and glucocorticoids -can cause depression -also interacts with dopamine, serotonin, & norepinephrine |
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thyroid |
-releases hormones of growth, metabolism, & reproduciton -depression: too little thyroid hormone (secondary to thyroid problem; need meds for theyroid, not depression) |
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women & depression |
-women are more likely to be diagnosed with unipolar depression -in bipolar depression, they have more depressive symptoms -particularly at risk at certain reproductive points: menstruation, menopause, and after childbirth (estrogen & progesterone)
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stress & depression |
1. stress generation: people who are prone to depression tend to experience stressors at a higher rate 2. people who are undergoing a lot of life stressors ar more likely to have major depression |
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reasons for female bias |
1. female psychological orientation of rumination 2. psychosocial (women do not have as much control) 3. change in estrogen or progesterone |
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atypical depression |
-dominated by psychomotor features of disease (incapacitating physical & psychological exhaustion) -lower than normal glucocorticoid levels
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feedback resistance |
-cause of excessive secretion of glucocoritoicds in stress response -brain is less effective than it should be at shutting down glucocorticoid secretion -in depressives, feedback regulation fails -brain does not sense feedback signals |
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DHEA |
-hormone that has the ability to block glucocorticoid receptors in brain -inhibits glucocorticoids -encourages neurogenesis -anti-depressant qualities -gets less as we get older
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abortion pill |
-blocks glucocorticoid receptors -anti-depressant effect |
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learned helpnessness |
-no chance at escaping and no prediction of event occurring -will not take opportunities given to them -learned to do nothing and lose motivation -humans in depression -rats have higher risk of cancer |
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internalized locus of control |
-belief that they were the masters of their own destiny and had a great deal of control in their lives -the more likely that someone has an internal locus of control, the less likelihood of a depression |
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externalized locus of control |
-tended to attribute outcomes to chance and luck -far more vulnerable to learned helplessness -more at risk for depression |
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5-HTT |
-serotonin-transporter -pump that causes the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse -different allelic versions differ as to how good they are at removing serotonin from the synapse -glucocorticoids help regulate how much 5-HTT gene you have - |
