Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A "Zeitgeber" is a(n):
|
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
|
|
|
What does "endogenous" mean?
|
generated from within
|
|
|
The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering:
|
production of proteins
|
|
|
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?
|
It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.
|
|
|
A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:
|
mid to late afternoon
|
|
|
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that:
|
last about a day
|
|
|
If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory restlessness?
|
at approximately the correct time of year for migration
|
|
|
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
|
sleep
|
|
|
Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be:
|
just over 24 hours
|
|
|
A free-running rhythm is a rhythm that:
|
occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it.
|
|
|
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?
|
they complain that they cannot sleep
|
|
|
When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?
|
The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference.
|
|
|
What is the principal Zeitgeber for land animals?
|
light
|
|
|
How is the circadian rhythm of adult hamsters affected after transplanting SCN tissue from hamster fetuses with abnormal (20 hour) circadian rhythms?
|
The adult hamsters adopted the rhythm of the transplanted tissue.
|
|
|
The ‘Per’ and ‘Tim’ proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?
|
When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them
|
|
|
The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
|
ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods.
|
|
|
In one family that has a mutation in the gene responsible for their ‘Per’ protein, behavior changed in the following way:
|
they liked to go to bed early and wake up early
|
|
|
When the Per and Tim levels are high, they interact with a protein called ____ to induce sleepiness
|
clock
|
|
|
A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person:
|
spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight.
|
|
|
Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through:
|
exposure of the eyes to light.
|
|
|
he retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
|
retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
|
|
|
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly dark?
|
they complain that they have difficulty waking up
|
|
|
The retinohypothalamic path to the SCN comes from a special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, called:
|
melanopsin
|
|
|
What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?
|
animals' behaviors become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles
|
|
|
When traveling across time zones, adjustments are easier when traveling which direction?
|
to the west
|
|
|
When the Per and Tim levels are low they result in:
|
wakefulness
|
|
|
The pineal gland releases a hormone which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. This hormone is called:
|
melatonin
|
|
|
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
|
a couple of hours before a person actually falls asleep
|
|
|
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as:
|
jetlag
|
|
|
What is a strong piece of evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates the circadian rhythm?
|
SCN nuclues generates a circadian rhythm of impulses even after being removed from the brain
|
|
|
Psychologists in the early to mid part of the 20th century had difficulty with the notion that wake and sleep cycles were generated from within the body because:
|
they accepted the theory that all behaviors were responses to stimuli
|
|
|
Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?
|
keeping the room light when you need to stay awake
|
|
|
Someone who considers herself a “morning person” should take college classes at what time of the day?
|
early morning
|
|
|
Circadian cycles are to ____ as circannual cycles are to ____.
|
daily, yearly
|
|
|
Alternation of ‘Tim’ protein levels by a pulse of light during the night will:
|
decrease sleepiness
|
|
|
The SCN is located just above the:
|
optic chiasm
|
|
|
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
|
suprachiasmatic nuleus
|
|
|
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
|
for a variety of reasons including sleep
|
|
|
The proteins ‘Per’ and ‘Tim’, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by:
|
building up during the day and declining during sleep
|
|
|
Why will taking a melatonin pill in the evening have little effect on sleepiness?
|
The pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyways
|
|
|
A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ extends directly from the retina to the SCN.
|
retinohypothalamic path
|
|
|
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:
|
expose them to bight light s while they work
|
|
|
What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?
|
they adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 hours
|
|
|
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
|
neurons are becoming more synchronized
|
|
|
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the:
|
pontomesencphalon
|
|
|
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams:
|
are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
|
|
|
REM behavior disorder occurs mostly in:
|
older people
|
|
|
Typically, a person who falls asleep enters:
|
enters stage 1 and progresses through stages 2,3 and 4 in order
|
|
|
Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as:
|
periodic limb movement disorder
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of narcolepsy?
|
involuntary movements of limbs during sleep
|
|
|
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from:
|
acting out our dreams
|
|
|
What is one of the contradictions in "paradoxical" sleep?
|
the brain is very active while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed
|
|
|
A sharp high-amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller slower, positive wave is called:
|
a K-complex
|
|
|
The postural muscles are most relaxed during:
|
REM sleep
|
|
|
Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep:
|
includes a larger percentage of REM sleep
|
|
|
People with REM behavior disorder most likely have:
|
damage to the pons and midbrain
|
|
|
Caffeine increases arousal by:
|
inhibiting adenosine
|
|
|
Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing:
|
acetylcholine
|
|
|
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have:
|
interrupted or shortened REM sleep
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?
|
tense and active postural muscles
|
|
|
Similar to the effects of sleep apnea, rats that are repeatedly oxygen-deprived lose neurons throughout the cortex and hippocampus, causing impairments in:
|
learning and memory
|
|
|
Nightmares are to ____ as night terrors are to ____.
|
REM; NREM
|
|
|
Huntington’s disease may also affect orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to symptoms similar to:
|
narcolepsy
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true about sleepwalking?
|
it is dangerous to waken a sleepwalker
|
|
|
PGO waves are associated with which of the following?
|
REM sleep
|
|
|
People with REM behavior disorder:
|
move vigorously during REM sleep, apparently acting out their dreams
|
|
|
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they:
|
block histamine
|
|
|
What does cataplexy involve?
|
an attack of muscle weakness while awake
|
|
|
One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is:
|
loss of orexin containing neurons in the hypothalamus
|
|
|
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is:
|
only one of several systems involved in arousal
|
|
|
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
|
hypnagogic hallucinations
|
|
|
What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?
|
monitor brain waves
|
|
|
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for:
|
staying awake
|
|
|
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is:
|
almost completely inactive during sleep
|
|
|
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
|
relaxed wakefulness
|
|
|
Adenosine levels generally increase during periods of:
|
wakefulness
|
|
|
Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
|
narcolepsy
|
|
|
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
|
stage 2
|
|
|
What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation?
|
increased alertness
|
|
|
What is activated by the reticular formation?
|
wide regions of the entire cerebral cortex
|
|
|
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain
|
reticular formation
|
|
|
One disadvantage in using tranquilizers as sleeping pills it that they may:
|
cause sleeplessness on subsequent nights
|
|
|
What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed?
|
difficulty falling asleep
|
|
|
After a period of sleep deprivation, PGO waves begin to:
|
occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness
|
|
|
PGO (waves) is an abbreviation for which of the following?
|
pons geniculate occipital
|
|
|
A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, thereby:
|
increasing arousal
|
|
|
What is a defining criterion for insomnia?
|
a person who consistently feels sleepy during the day
|
|
|
What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
|
it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
|
|
|
Drugs that are used to control narcolepsy also tend to produce what other effects?
|
increased wakefulness
|
|
|
During ____, the pons sends inhibitory messages to the spinal cord.
|
REM sleep
|
|
|
Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention?
|
raphe nuclei
|
|
|
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of:
|
stages 3 and 4
|
|
|
Which symptom is most characteristic of narcolepsy?
|
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
|
|
|
Sleep spindles originate from:
|
interactions between the thalamus and cortex
|
|
|
Facial twitches are most characteristic of which stage of sleep?
|
REM
|
|
|
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
|
irregular low-voltage fast waves
|
|
|
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?
|
90 min
|
|
|
During REM sleep, neuronal activity decreases in the:
|
primary visual cortex and motor cortex
|
|
|
Why would sleepwalking be unlikely during REM sleep?
|
the postural muscles are paralyzed
|
|
|
What does an electroencephalograph measure?
|
the average of the electrical of the cells in a given region of the brain
|
|
|
Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?
|
it is most common early in the night
|
|
|
Aside from the problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have:
|
fewer neurons in certain brain areas
|
|
|
For a normal person, which part of a night's sleep contains the largest percentage of stage 4 sleep?
|
early in the night
|
|
|
What is synonymous with paradoxical sleep?
|
REM sleep
|
|
|
After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically:
|
cycles back through stages 3 and 2
|
|
|
Night terrors are most common in ____ during ____.
|
children; NREM sleep
|
|
|
An polysomnograph displays:
|
a combination of EEG and eye movement records
|
|
|
When does sleep talking occur?
|
in both REM and NREM sleep with about equal proability
|
|
|
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4):
|
slow large-amplitude waves increase in number
|
|
|
In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams:
|
are likely to include complicated thoughts
|
|
|
Which of the following physical conditions is related to apnea?
|
being obese
|
|
|
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
|
norepinephrine
|
|
|
Sleep apnea is the:
|
inability to breathe while sleeping
|
|
|
What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?
|
irregular waves with low amplitude
|
|
|
European swifts sleep:
|
during flight
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true regarding hibernation and sleep?
|
they increase body temperature
|
|
|
Patients with damage to ____ report no dreams.
|
the lower part of their parietal cortex
|
|
|
How does prolonged sleep deprivation affect human volunteers?
|
it impairs concentration
|
|
|
For which species does REM sleep compose the largest percentage of total sleep?
|
species that get a great deal of sleep
|
|
|
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
|
the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neuronal activity
|
|
|
Which of the following would most likely have the highest total amount of REM sleep?
|
infant human
|
|
|
Research suggests that REM is:
|
most important for strengthening memory of motor skills
|
|
|
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
|
conserve energy
|
|
|
Migratory birds are able to sleep less during the migratory season because they:
|
decrease their need for sleep
|
|
|
During dreaming,which of the following area or areas continue to be highly active?
|
the hypothalamus, amygdala and other emotional areas
|
|
|
Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is:
|
important in strengthening memories of lists of words
|
|
|
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, it should be possible to predict (with better than chance accuracy) the content of a person's dreams if we know what information about the person?
|
stimuli currently acting on the body and areas of spontaneous brain activity
|
|
|
Dreams begin with arousing stimuli, whether generated from the external or internal environment, according to which hypothesis/theory?
|
a clinico-anatomical hypothesis
|
|
|
According to the clinico-anatomical hypothesis of dreams, hallucinations result from:
|
self-generated neuronal activity stronger than the input from visual and somatosensory areas of the cortex.
|
|
|
If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?
|
the more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
|
|
|
The unique feature of dolphin sleep is that:
|
only one hemisphere of their brain sleeps at a time
|
|
|
Which of the following claims would be made by the evolutionary perspective of sleep?
|
the function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation
|
|
|
Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?
|
the clinico-anatomical hypothesis
|
|
|
Young adults deprived of a night’s sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.
|
memory
|
|
|
If you were awakened every time you entered REM sleep for a few days, and then were permitted to sleep without interruptions, you would:
|
spend about 50 percent more time in REM sleep than usual
|
|
|
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is:
|
to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes.
|
