Physiological Final Ch 6

Front 1

The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having:

Back 1

two types of wavelength cones

Front 2

In comparison to the rods, cones are more:

Back 2

sensitive to detail

Front 3

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to:

Back 3

long and medium wavelength cones making the same photopigments

Front 4

All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:

Back 4

the optic nerve connects there

Front 5

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:

Back 5

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of others

Front 6

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

Back 6

relative activity of short, medium and long wave lengths

Front 7

Light from above our head strikes the:

Back 7

bottom half of the retina

Front 8

Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina?

Back 8

the left half

Front 9

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

Back 9

it has the greatest perception of detail

Front 10

Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures?

Back 10

lens and the cornea

Front 11

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

Back 11

amacrine cells

Front 12

Why does the periphery of the retina detect faint lights better than the fovea does?

Back 12

more receptors converge their input onto each bipolar cell

Front 13

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the:

Back 13

blind spot

Front 14

Color constancy is the ability to:

Back 14

recognize color despite changes in lighting

Front 15

The blind spot in each eye is blind because:

Back 15

there are no receptors there

Front 16

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:

Back 16

all-trans-retinal

Front 17

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

Back 17

periphery; the fovea

Front 18

In comparison to cones, rods:

Back 18

are more sensitive to dim light

Front 19

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

Back 19

retinex

Front 20

Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision.

Back 20

fovea

Front 21

What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?

Back 21

rods and cones

Front 22

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:

Back 22

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of the three types of cones

Front 23

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

Back 23

photopigments

Front 24

the optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

Back 24

ganglion

Front 25

What is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?

Back 25

white

Front 26

The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.

Back 26

ganglion

Front 27

Based on the relative distribution of the three kinds of cones in the retina, which color of road sign would be most difficult to see from a distance?

Back 27

blue

Front 28

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

Back 28

cones

Front 29

Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?

Back 29

it is a sex-linked genetic disorder

Front 30

In what order does visual information (not light) pass through the retina?

Back 30

receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Front 31

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:

Back 31

a greater rod to cone ratio

Front 32

At the level of rods and cones the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells the ____ theory seems to fit best.

Back 32

trichromatic; opponent process

Front 33

If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should:

Back 33

look slightly to one side

Front 34

Which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?

Back 34

it is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects

Front 35

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

Back 35

the fovea

Front 36

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:

Back 36

which neurons are more active

Front 37

Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells.

Back 37

midget

Front 38

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

Back 38

opponent process theory

Front 39

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

Back 39

bipolar cells

Front 40

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:

Back 40

pupil

Front 41

Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as:

Back 41

amacrine cells

Front 42

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

Back 42

opsins, photopigments

Front 43

Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.

Back 43

red;green

Front 44

What is the relationship of color blindness between males and females?

Back 44

males are more likely to be color blind

Front 45

When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity:

Back 45

increases in the fusiform gyrus

Front 46

Once within the cerebral cortex, the primarily magnocellular pathway divides, with a ventral branch carrying information related to

Back 46

movement

Front 47

A person with damage to V1, but not V5, would be able to perceive:

Back 47

motion but not shape or color

Front 48

Most visual researchers suggest that area V1 neurons respond most strongly to:

Back 48

spatial frequencies

Front 49

A man has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition?

Back 49

prospagnosia

Front 50

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

Back 50

complex

Front 51

In humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?

Back 51

half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side at the optic chiasm

Front 52

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the:

Back 52

ventral stream

Front 53

Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a:

Back 53

figure-ground reversal

Front 54

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

Back 54

occipital lobe

Front 55

An individual suffers damage to the parietal cortex, but maintains an intact temporal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

Back 55

reach out and grasp an object

Front 56

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from:

Back 56

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

Front 57

____ cells axons makeup the optic nerve.

Back 57

ganglion

Front 58

To what does "shape constancy" refer?

Back 58

we can recognize objects even at different orientations

Front 59

An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

Back 59

describe the size or shape of the object they see

Front 60

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?

Back 60

lateral inhibition

Front 61

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to:

Back 61

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

Front 62

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ____.

Back 62

the left eye

Front 63

The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area?

Back 63

area MST

Front 64

The primary visual cortex sends most of its information:

Back 64

to area V2

Front 65

Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.

Back 65

V4

Front 66

A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a:

Back 66

complex cell

Front 67

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:

Back 67

lateral inhibition at the retina

Front 68

In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with:

Back 68

loss of visual imagination

Front 69

What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex?

Back 69

they have receptive fields at the same angle of orientation

Front 70

What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have?

Back 70

recognizing faces

Front 71

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

Back 71

dressing themselves

Front 72

Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in:

Back 72

prosopagnosia.

Front 73

Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

Back 73

inferior temporal cortex

Front 74

Cells in the ____ prevent us from confusing eye movements with object movements.

Back 74

ventral part of the MST

Front 75

In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.

Back 75

thalamus; cortex

Front 76

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.

Back 76

V1

Front 77

The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the:

Back 77

parietal cortex

Front 78

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the:

Back 78

optic chiasm

Front 79

If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?

Back 79

orientation (angle) of the line they respond to

Front 80

How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?

Back 80

they are sensitive to larger more complicated patterns

Front 81

Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information?

Back 81

brightness

Front 82

A ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.

Back 82

hypercomplex

Front 83

Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of:

Back 83

motion perception

Front 84

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

Back 84

visual agnosia

Front 85

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

Back 85

bar or edge in a perticular orientation

Front 86

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

Back 86

the lateral geniculate

Front 87

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:

Back 87

thalamus

Front 88

Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:

Back 88

details of shape

Front 89

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it:

Back 89

may return to the primary visual cortex

Front 90

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

Back 90

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

Front 91

In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____.

Back 91

location;shape

Front 92

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?

Back 92

whether it can respond equally to bars and edges in more than one location

Front 93

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape:

Back 93

regardless of its exact size or shape on the retina

Front 94

The primary visual cortex is also known as the:

Back 94

striate cortex

Front 95

Blindsight refers to:

Back 95

the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.

Front 96

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:

Back 96

dorsal stream

Front 97

One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its background in the:

Back 97

medial superior temporal cortex

Front 98

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

Back 98

horizontal cells

Front 99

Neurons whose responses indicate a particular feature of a stimulus, such as the presence of a bar, line, or edge are referred to as:

Back 99

feature detectors

Front 100

Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?

Back 100

square picture frame

Front 101

Small receptive fields are to ____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells.

Back 101

parvocellular; magnocellular

Front 102

Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?

Back 102

parvocellular

Front 103

Horizontal cells receive their input from ____; they send output to ____.

Back 103

rods and cones; bipolar cells

Front 104

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the:

Back 104

speed and direction of movement

Front 105

The receptive field of a visual receptor is the:

Back 105

point in space in which the light strikes the receptor

Front 106

Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:

Back 106

receptive field

Front 107

Once within the cerebral cortex, the primarily magnocellular pathway divides, with a dorsal branch carrying information related to:

Back 107

integrating vision with action

Front 108

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape’s:

Back 108

mirror reversal

Front 109

In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty:

Back 109

recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

Front 110

Magnocellular cells are to ____ as parvocellular cells are to ____.

Back 110

movement;color

Front 111

What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?

Back 111

trouble describing the shapes of objects

Front 112

If both eyes of a very young kitten are sutured shut for the first few weeks:

Back 112

the cortex remains responsive to both eyes

Front 113

Astigmatism refers to the:

Back 113

asymmetric curvature of the eye

Front 114

By comparing the slightly different inputs from the two eyes, you achieve:

Back 114

stereoscopic depth perception

Front 115

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect:

Back 115

retinal disparity

Front 116

If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to:

Back 116

only one eye that has been active

Front 117

In what way does infant vision differ from adult vision?

Back 117

Infants have trouble shifting their attention away from visual stimuli

Front 118

The most probable reason that both cats and humans have difficulty with recognition of objects if deprived of visual stimuli during the critical period is that:

Back 118

their cortical cells lack the sharply tuned receptive fields that make recognition possible.

Front 119

According to research on visual development in animals, probably the best way to treat amblyopia is to cover:

Back 119

the strong eye over a period of time early in life

Front 120

What is strabismus?

Back 120

a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time

Front 121

Kittens that are restricted to having only having one eye open at a time are similar to humans with strabismus in that:

Back 121

stereoscopic depth perception fails to develop

Front 122

If a kitten is reared in an environment consisting entirely of horizontal lines, the visual cortex becomes:

Back 122

sensitive to almost nothing except horizontal lines

Front 123

Cases like MM and PD, who have sight restored to them after many years, suggest that:

Back 123

early experiences can have lasting effects on the brain

Front 124

____ is necessary for the proper onset of the critical period for vision.

Back 124

GABA

Front 125

Which of the following items would most likely attract the attention of a newborn baby?

Back 125

human face

Front 126

Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to:

Back 126

both eyes and continue to that way

Front 127

The human condition that corresponds closest to what kittens experience when raised in an environment of only horizontal or vertical lines is:

Back 127

astigmatism.

Front 128

Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for:

Back 128

the first month of life

Front 129

What would the effect be if an experimenter covered the eye of a kitten in an alternating pattern (left eye one day; right the next)?

Back 129

most cortical stimuli would respond to one eye or the other but not both

Front 130

Researchers produced a kitten that could see stationary objects, but was blind to moving stimuli, by:

Back 130

raising the kitten in an environment illuminated only by a strobe light.