Physiological Final Ch 4

Front 1

What consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?

Back 1

The hindbrain

Front 2

The choroid plexus:

Back 2

forms the cerebral spinal fluid

Front 3

What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?

Back 3

they receive only sympathetic input

Front 4

In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?

Back 4

midbrain

Front 5

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?

Back 5

sagittal

Front 6

One way that over-the-counter cold remedies work is by:

Back 6

increasing sympathetic activity

Front 7

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?

Back 7

decreased heart rate

Front 8

Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 8

norepinephrine

Front 9

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

Back 9

horizontal

Front 10

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?

Back 10

12

Front 11

Although the pituitary is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:

Back 11

hypothalamus

Front 12

The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:

Back 12

is contained in the skull

Front 13

The term mesencephalon refers to the?

Back 13

midbrain

Front 14

Which part of the nervous system specifically prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?

Back 14

sympathetic

Front 15

The term rhombencephalon refers to the:

Back 15

hindbrain

Front 16

Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the ____ nervous system.

Back 16

sympathetic

Front 17

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

Back 17

brain and spinal cord

Front 18

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ____ side.

Back 18

contralateral, contraleteral

Front 19

The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:

Back 19

cranial nerves

Front 20

What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

Back 20

they usually have opposite effects on the same organs

Front 21

The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones:

Back 21

into the blood stream

Front 22

The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to:

Back 22

much of the cerebral cortex

Front 23

According to the Bell-Magendie law:

Back 23

ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information

Front 24

Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

Back 24

gray matter

Front 25

Which of the following is gray matter?

Back 25

the cerebral cortex

Front 26

Sympathetic ganglia:

Back 26

are closely linked and often act a single system

Front 27

An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the:

Back 27

hippocampus

Front 28

The diencephalon is composed of the:

Back 28

thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 29

The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called?

Back 29

dorsal root ganglia

Front 30

By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:

Back 30

pituitary gland

Front 31

The somatic division of the nervous system carries signals from the ______ and is part of the ______.

Back 31

senses; parasympathetic nervous system

Front 32

One principle of the autonomic nervous system is the concept of ______.

Back 32

dual innervation

Front 33

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?

Back 33

ganglion

Front 34

Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.

Back 34

arousal, relaxation

Front 35

Which of the following structures is part of the brain stem?

Back 35

pons

Front 36

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?

Back 36

medulla

Front 37

Meningitis is an inflammation of the:

Back 37

membranes surrounding the brain

Front 38

If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?

Back 38

sensation and motor movement would be lost on one side

Front 39

What causes hydrocephalus?

Back 39

obstruction in the flow of cerebral spinal fluid

Front 40

After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

Back 40

sensation from the affected body area

Front 41

The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

Back 41

movement

Front 42

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

Back 42

coronal

Front 43

After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

Back 43

control of muscles in the affected body parts

Front 44

In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:

Back 44

lateral

Front 45

Which of the following brain areas is most likely affected in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases that impair intellect and attention?

Back 45

nucleus basalis

Front 46

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic system.

Back 46

releases DA at the ganglion

Front 47

Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising for example, are regulated by which of the following?

Back 47

medulla

Front 48

What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?

Back 48

brain stem

Front 49

A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to:

Back 49

cushion the brain

Front 50

Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?

Back 50

lateral

Front 51

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:

Back 51

the parasympathetic nervous systems postganglionic axons

Front 52

The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been named the basal:

Back 52

nuclei

Front 53

Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

Back 53

white matter

Front 54

The nucleus basalis sends information to the:

Back 54

cerebral cortex

Front 55

Sensory information which is not processed by the thalamus includes:

Back 55

olfactory information

Front 56

Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 56

acetylcholine

Front 57

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?

Back 57

nucleus

Front 58

Which kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 58

calmness and relaxation

Front 59

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?

Back 59

autonomic

Front 60

A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures?

Back 60

limbic system

Front 61

If a person has difficulty determining which of two rhythms is faster, it is likely that she suffered damage to the:

Back 61

cerebellum

Front 62

As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?

Back 62

medulla

Front 63

Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?

Back 63

basal ganglia

Front 64

Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?

Back 64

medulla

Front 65

The ascending portion of the reticular formation:

Back 65

increases arousal and attention

Front 66

Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?

Back 66

cell bodies and dendrites

Front 67

Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 67

parasympathetic

Front 68

The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the:

Back 68

pons and medulla

Front 69

Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in:

Back 69

focusing and shifting information and organizing sensory inputs

Front 70

Superior colliculus is to _____ as inferior colliculus is to _____.

Back 70

vision, hearing

Front 71

Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system.

Back 71

peripheral

Front 72

The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for:

Back 72

attention

Front 73

What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinson's disease?

Back 73

dopamine

Front 74

The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all:

Back 74

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 75

Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?

Back 75

pituitary gland

Front 76

The spinal cord communicates with:

Back 76

sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

Front 77

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the:

Back 77

central canal

Front 78

The nuclei for (at least portions of) cranial nerves I through IV are located in the:

Back 78

midbrain and forebrain

Front 79

Which of the following means "toward the back"?

Back 79

dorsal

Front 80

Cerebrospinal fluid is gradually reabsorbed in the ______ of the brain.

Back 80

subarachnoid space

Front 81

The reticular formation is contained within the:

Back 81

brain stem

Front 82

The large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is called the:

Back 82

corpus callosum

Front 83

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?

Back 83

hypothalamus

Front 84

If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:

Back 84

that segment and all the segments below it

Front 85

One function of the thalamus is to:

Back 85

relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

Front 86

Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?

Back 86

sensation and muscle control of the head

Front 87

What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?

Back 87

they both connect the two hemispheres

Front 88

Vision is to _____ as hearing is to _____.

Back 88

cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII

Front 89

Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the:

Back 89

somatic nervous system

Front 90

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called:

Back 90

meningies

Front 91

If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.

Back 91

contralateral

Front 92

The parasympathetic nervous system has:

Back 92

long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons

Front 93

The raphe system:

Back 93

increases the brains readiness to respond to stimulus

Front 94

The term pons (meaning "bridge") is named as such because:

Back 94

axons within the pons cross from one side to the other

Front 95

Lamina IV is prominent in:

Back 95

all the primary sensory areas

Front 96

The prefrontal cortex is important for:

Back 96

working memory

Front 97

A blind person who suddenly loses the ability to read Braille has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

Back 97

parietal lobe

Front 98

Damage to the ____ often causes people to lose their social inhibitions and to ignore the rules of polite conduct.

Back 98

prefrontal cortex

Front 99

The postcentral gyrus contains ______ separate representations of the body.

Back 99

4

Front 100

All of the cells in a given column in the cerebral cortex:

Back 100

are involved in the same function

Front 101

Which lobe contributes to perception of movement and recognition of faces?

Back 101

temporal lobe

Front 102

The binding or large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of:

Back 102

knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object.

Front 103

An individual has normal eyes and normal pupillary reflexes but no pattern perception or visual imagery. This person suffers from:

Back 103

cortical blindness

Front 104

Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

Back 104

parietal lobe

Front 105

People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ______.

Back 105

locating objects in space

Front 106

One reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they have trouble:

Back 106

adjusting their behavior to different contexts

Front 107

Knowing that it is appropriate to tackle people on the football field, but not in the classroom is dependent on functioning of the:

Back 107

prefrontal cortex

Front 108

One currently popular hypothesis about the binding problem is that binding depends on:

Back 108

synchronized activity in different brain areas

Front 109

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex?

Back 109

frontal

Front 110

Monkeys with Kluver-Bucy syndrome fail to show normal fears and anxieties after damage to the:

Back 110

temporal lobe

Front 111

What is one important difference between people who are blind because of cortical blindness and others who are blind because of problems with their eyes?

Back 111

people with damage to their eyes can still imagine visual scenes

Front 112

The ______ monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.

Back 112

parietal lobe

Front 113

Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to:

Back 113

treat severe psychiatric disorders

Front 114

Which of the following is TRUE about the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?

Back 114

they would be better described as additional sensory areas

Front 115

If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may:

Back 115

have difficulty remembering where they put their keys

Front 116

What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?

Back 116

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 117

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.

Back 117

have more dendritic spines

Front 118

Individuals with parietal lobe damage:

Back 118

have difficulty binding different aspects of perception

Front 119

The precentral gyrus is essential for:

Back 119

fine movements

Front 120

Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size) is the:

Back 120

cerebellum

Front 121

What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?

Back 121

temporal

Front 122

The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the:

Back 122

prefrontal cortex

Front 123

Following damage to the temporal lobe, monkeys that fail to display normal fear of snakes most likely have which of the following?

Back 123

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Front 124

The ______ constitutes a higher percentage of the brain in primates than in other species of comparable size.

Back 124

cerebral cortex

Front 125

The postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?

Back 125

touch

Front 126

The area of the brain known to be important for "binding" is the:

Back 126

parietal cortex

Front 127

If you could selectively damage the individual laminae of the cortex, damage to which layer would most likely affect visual sensation?

Back 127

Layer IV of the occipital cortex

Front 128

Which of the following is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?

Back 128

the laminae vary in thickness in different areas

Front 129

Lamina V is thickest in the:

Back 129

primary motor areas

Front 130

Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of:

Back 130

the occipital cortex

Front 131

Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?

Back 131

temporal

Front 132

An MRI device creates an image of the brain based on:

Back 132

release of electromagnetic energy from atomic nuclei

Front 133

A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for:

Back 133

placing an electrode on the brain

Front 134

How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation?

Back 134

brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation

Front 135

Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n):

Back 135

EEG

Front 136

Researchers using a biochemical method to direct a mutation to a particular gene are using the ______ approach.

Back 136

genetic approach

Front 137

Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____.

Back 137

temporal lobe

Front 138

Which of the following brain imaging techniques measures faint magnetic fields?

Back 138

MEG
magnetoencephalography: recording magnetic fields produced by naturally occurring electrical currents in the brain

Front 139

What is the major difference between how phrenologists and today's researchers study the brain?

Back 139

phrenologists did not critically examine their data

Front 140

Based on brain-to-body weight ratio, it appears that:

Back 140

intelligence is not simply a result of this ratio

Front 141

The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as:

Back 141

phrenology

Front 142

So far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with intelligence in humans is the:

Back 142

amount of grey matter

Front 143

An electroencephalograph measures:

Back 143

the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain

Front 144

If you were interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing, which of the following methods would be the best choice?

Back 144

CAT

Front 145

Which of the following species has the highest brain-to-body ratio?

Back 145

squirrel monkey

Front 146

The purpose of creating a sham lesion is to:

Back 146

assess the effects of introducing an electrode

Front 147

Which of the following brain imaging techniques does NOT provide a functional measure of brain activity?

Back 147

MRI

Front 148

An ablation is:

Back 148

a brain area that has been removed

Front 149

A lesion is:

Back 149

an area that has been damaged

Front 150

Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?

Back 150

PET

Front 151

Which of the following techniques is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?

Back 151

fMRI

Front 152

Computerized axial tomography creates an image from:

Back 152

x-rays

Front 153

One major problem with studies that use PET or measures of regional cerebral blood flow is:

Back 153

choosing an appropriate comparison condition