Physiological Final Ch 11

Front 1

In mammals, whether the anatomy develops in the male or female pattern depends:

Back 1

mostly on the presence of testosterone

Front 2

What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?

Back 2

the sex region Y (SRY) gene

Front 3

The overall mechanism of early sexual differentiation has been described by saying that nature’s “default setting” is to make every mammal:

Back 3

female

Front 4

What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?

Back 4

exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development

Front 5

What develops from the Mullerian ducts?

Back 5

female reproductive structures

Front 6

The process of ____ changes testosterone into estradiol.

Back 6

aromatization

Front 7

Pheromones of newborn rats:

Back 7

inhibit maternal behavior

Front 8

In castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area

Back 8

has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of recpetive female does not evoke the release of it

Front 9

Alcohol, marijuana, and haloperidol tend to have a(n) ____ effect on prenatal sexual development.

Back 9

demasculinizing

Front 10

Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?

Back 10

dopamine

Front 11

Which of the following time points would women most likely initiate sexual activity?

Back 11

periovulatory period

Front 12

If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her:

Back 12

would produce static levels of horomones rather than cyclic levels

Front 13

Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the:

Back 13

anterior pituitary

Front 14

A sensitive period is:

Back 14

an early period where a hormone has a long lasting effect

Front 15

Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is:

Back 15

bound to alpha-fetoprotein

Front 16

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is:

Back 16

larger than males than in females

Front 17

All of the following are hormones that affect the brain and the genitals EXCEPT?

Back 17

aromatase

Front 18

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens?

Back 18

both sexes have both types of hormones

Front 19

The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak:

Back 19

around the time of ovulation

Front 20

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in rats?

Back 20

shortly before and after birth

Front 21

What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female's?

Back 21

a deficit of testosterone in an early stage of development

Front 22

If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity:

Back 22

certain parts of her hypothalamus would appear slightly more male than female

Front 23

During the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland?

Back 23

pituitary gland

Front 24

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will:

Back 24

still develop into a male

Front 25

Although harmful in excessive amounts, the synthesis of steroids depends on:

Back 25

cholesterol

Front 26

Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development?

Back 26

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

Front 27

What hormone more than triples in concentration in the blood of human males during orgasm, and has been tentatively linked to sexual pleasure?

Back 27

oxytocin

Front 28

____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Back 28

progesterone

Front 29

Mullerian ducts are found in:

Back 29

female and male fetuses early in development

Front 30

Which of the following is most likely an example of the organizing effects of sex hormones?

Back 30

masculanization of the brain

Front 31

Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden:

Back 31

surge of prolactin and oxytocin

Front 32

Whereas dopamine stimulates sexual activity, the neurotransmitter ____ inhibits it.

Back 32

serotonin

Front 33

increased levels of estrogen affect receptor sites in the brain by:

Back 33

increasing the number of certain types of dopamine and serotonin receptors

Front 34

Two major classes of sex hormones are:

Back 34

androgens and estrogens

Front 35

What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?

Back 35

a high level of testosterone in the early stages of development

Front 36

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by:

Back 36

interfereing with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary gland

Front 37

"Male hormones" are referred to as:

Back 37

androgens

Front 38

One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects:

Back 38

are shorter-term

Front 39

In one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were:

Back 39

more masculine in appearance

Front 40

Parts of the hypothalamus can generate a cyclic pattern of hormone release in:

Back 40

females only

Front 41

Triptorelin, used to treat sex offenders, blocks ____ thereby decreasing ____ production.

Back 41

gonadotropin; testosterone

Front 42

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the:

Back 42

anterior hypothalamus

Front 43

Damage to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rats would most likely result in:

Back 43

decreased sexual activity

Front 44

The result of all the testosterone-induced changes during sexual differentiation is:

Back 44

all the male reproductive structures

Front 45

Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates:

Back 45

orgasm

Front 46

Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?

Back 46

whether an organism develops into a male or female